TLDR: A GCR exposure with a dose-equivalent to a Mars roundtrip induces renal damage and dysfunction Acute exposure to simulated GCR causes both acute and chro

TLDR: A GCR exposure with a dose-equivalent to a Mars roundtrip induces renal damage and dysfunction Acute exposure to simulated GCR causes both acute and chronic tubular epithelial and vascular damage that appears both progressive and irreversible.