Most languages, including some without writing system, but not Mandarin Chinese, indeed. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0390 https://

Most languages, including some without writing system, but not Mandarin Chinese, indeed. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0390 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.039... Chinese/English speakers also seem to map the shapes differently to tone contours: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02139/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.... (Note that this article contains some tangible object instantiation of the bouba/kiki forms.)