GraalVM’s interpreter, AST, etc is also written in Java, so there is a warm-up for these as well. Also, the memory representation has to be somewhat generic, an

GraalVM’s interpreter, AST, etc is also written in Java, so there is a warm-up for these as well. Also, the memory representation has to be somewhat generic, and can’t be over-optimized for Javascript specifically. Add to it that JS has multiple tiers of interpreters, JIT compilers (I believe there are 3 at the moment?), all made specifically for JS, so it’s not really possible to compete with that here, while remaining general.