The operations were: • A previously unreported operation from Russia, which we dubbed "Bad Grammar", operating mainly on Telegram and targeting Ukraine, Moldov

The operations were: • A previously unreported operation from Russia, which we dubbed "Bad Grammar", operating mainly on Telegram and targeting Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic States and the United States; • A persistent Russian threat actor posting content about Ukraine across the internet, known as "Doppelganger"; • A persistent Chinese threat actor posting content across the internet to praise China and criticize its critics, known as "Spamouflage"; • A persistent Iranian threat actor posting web content that supported Iran and criticized Israel and the US, known as the International Union of Virtual Media (IUVM); • A commercial company in Israel called STOIC, generating content about the Gaza conflict, and to a lesser extent the Histadrut trade unions organization in Israel and the Indian elections. We have nicknamed this operation "Zero Zeno" for the founder of the stoic school of philosophy, and to reflect the low levels of engagement that its various campaigns attracted.