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Perhaps one thing to say which may be useful, is that ‘calculus’ can mean a lot of different things, and the meaning can vary between courses as well as between
by dan-robertson 2y ago
Perhaps one thing to say which may be useful, is that ‘calculus’ can mean a lot of different things, and the meaning can vary between courses as well as between schools and countries. When I was in high school, we did calculus in the last two years, and it was similar to the earlier years: you learned a bunch of algorithms for manipulating symbols, some of which required a bit of intuition for some step (make some substitution, for example), and you learned a few facts (about slopes and areas) to be able to solve word problems. The first thing we learned was a part of the differentiation algorithm: the derivative of x^n (where n is constant) is n x^(n-1). At university, we called the course analysis, though I believe other places may have called the same thing calculus, and it was about defining various concepts and proving properties about them. We may have derived the above rule in class (I don’t remember) but I think anyone would have been able to derive it from the definitions and proven properties. Such courses typically follow a tripartite structure: firstly sequences, series, and their convergence to limits; secondly continuity of functions and limits of functions; thirdly differentiation and integration (and maybe some version of Taylor’s theorem). This course structure hasn’t changed that much since Cauchy introduced a lot of the ‘modern’ definitions in a textbook (obvious exceptions are integration – known as ‘Riemann integration’).
I don’t know what sort of course this one is. It starts with limits so maybe more the latter kind, but I don’t really see how Julia would be very useful there. My best guess about the suitability of the course is that it may assume mathematical maturity that you may not have, rather than anything about programming. Mathematical maturity tends to mean being able to cope with precise definitions and abstract concepts without deducing a load of wrong things, as well as being able to follow the kind of argument that is a mathematical proof.
- btilly 2y agoIn North America, traditionally Calculus is where you learn how to use the techniques to solve problems, and analysis is where you actually learn how to prove that it all is true. But I have to correct you on the history. Essentially none of the material in a modern analysis course is the same as in Cauchy's day. You identify integration as coming after. But Cauchy didn't have a definition of a limit, axioms for the real numbers, a construction of the real numbers, set theory, the modern idea of open and closed sets, and so on and so forth.
- dan-robertson 2y agoAh thanks. My understanding was the whole epsilon-delta stuff one typically learns in a first course in analysis was due to Cauchy.
- btilly 2y agoNo, epsilon-delta in the modern form was invented by Karl Weierstrass in 1861. Cauchy's approach was to define an infinitesmal as a sequence approaching 0, and then to use the old infinitesmal definition of a derivative. This almost works. One of the places where it falls apart is defining the chain rule when the inner derivative is 0, because the sequence may wind up with 0/0 infinitely often. But it is from this definition that we get Cauchy sequences today.