In a world where we move towards 100% decarbonisation, energy storage isn’t going to be a significant factor. If you replace fossil fuel with electricity for in

In a world where we move towards 100% decarbonisation, energy storage isn’t going to be a significant factor. If you replace fossil fuel with electricity for industrial heat, which represents a huge amount of energy we use, you can use thermal batteries that will last practically forever. So the carbon emissions will be negligible in the long run. Even if you use li-ion or other electric batteries the materials can generally be recycled with near zero carbon emissions. So carbon emission price we pay now should be spread over the centuries that those materials will be used. Renewables will also be paired with electric vehicles that represent a huge flexible load. I have already set my car to automatically charge only when electricity is cheap. I would even feed energy back on the grid if I had the option. So you see, if you count energy storage for renewables, you also have to count the emissions from fossil industrial heat and ICE cars, and fertiliser production (green ammonia production will also be flexible load that can serve as energy storage, etc By some accounts, if we decarbonise everything, we really don’t need all that much dedicated energy storage at all. The minimum production on a well connected grid will be about enough for base load needs.