The text attests to both our interpretations. 1) By saying x is sometimes called y under some circumstances, the text implies x (Affirmative action) is equal t

The text attests to both our interpretations. 1) By saying x is sometimes called y under some circumstances, the text implies x (Affirmative action) is equal to or a subset of y (Positive discrimination) 2) The second paragraph also suggests examples of affirmative action that wouldn’t constitute positive discrimination