As others commented "safety" is a heavily overloaded term, for instance there's "type safety" [1] and "memory safety" [2], and then there's "static vs dynamic t

As others commented "safety" is a heavily overloaded term, for instance there's "type safety" [1] and "memory safety" [2], and then there's "static vs dynamic typing" [3], and "weak vs strong typing" [4], so talking about types and safety offered by a language can be very nuanced. I suspect when you say "unsafe by design" you may be referring to the dynamic type checking aspect of Python, although Python has supported for a while type annotations, that can be statically checked by linter-like tools like PyRight. -- 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_safety https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_safety 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_safety https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_safety 3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system#Type_checking https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system#Type_checking 4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing