12 ms·

The Real War 1939-1945, by Paul Fussell (1989)

223 points by gruseom 14y ago

blacksqr 14y ago
I recommend reading everything by Paul Fussel, who never got over his rage at being exploited in war and seeing his best friend killed in France, and used his lifelong career in English literature as an instrument to communicate it.
moldbug 14y ago
Don't miss Nicholson Baker's Human Smoke, far and away the best introduction to a cynical interpretation of WWII.
- antidoh 14y ago
  And "The 'Good' War" by Studs Terkel, a comprehensive masterpiece of individual perspective.
- Estragon 14y ago
  Human Smoke is brilliant. I had no idea that Roosevelt was a virulent anti-semite [1] or that starvation through blockade was a key part of allied strategy.[2] And TIL that between 500 000 and 3 000 000 Germans are estimated to have died in the subsequent forced relocation back to German territory.[3] A memoir of one soldier's experience in the Pacific which is along the same lines as the Atlantic article is Goodbye Darkness.[4] It's a hell of a read. [1] http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&lpg=PP1&#3... [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&pg=PA143 http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&pg=PA143 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)#Casualties http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans... [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=nvPRNK-Zo_YC&printsec=frontcover http://books.google.com/books?id=nvPRNK-Zo_YC&printsec=f...
  - Steko 14y ago
    "I had no idea that Roosevelt was a virulent anti-semite" For balance: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_record_on_civil_rights#The_Holocaust_and_attitudes_toward_Jews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_recor... quoting the whole thing... "Franklin's mother Sara shared anti-Semitic attitudes common among Americans at the time.[citation needed] Although anti-Semitism was common during the era, it is argued[citation needed] that FDR was not anti-Semitic. Some of his closest political associates, such as Felix Frankfurter, Bernard Baruch and Samuel I. Rosenman, were Jewish, and he happily cultivated the important Jewish vote in New York City. He appointed Henry Morgenthau, Jr. as the first Jewish Secretary of the Treasury and appointed Frankfurter to the Supreme Court. Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin cites statistics showing that FDR’s high level executive appointments favored Jews (15% of his top appointments at a time when Jews represented 3% of the U.S. population) which subjected Roosevelt to frequent criticism. The August, 1936 edition of "The White Knight" published an article referring to the New Deal as the “Jew Deal.” Pamphlets appeared such as "What Every Congressman Should Know" in 1940 (featuring a sketch of the Capitol building with a Star of David atop its dome) that proclaimed that the Jews were in control of the American government. Financier and FDR confidant Bernard Baruch was called the “Unofficial President” in the anti-Semitic literature of the time. The periodical Liberation, for example, accused FDR of loading his government with Jews.[2] During his first term Roosevelt condemned Hitler's persecution of German Jews. As the Jewish exodus from Germany increased after 1937, Roosevelt was asked by American Jewish organizations and Congressmen to allow these refugees to settle in the U.S. At first he suggested that the Jewish refugees should be "resettled" elsewhere, and suggested Venezuela, Ethiopia or West Africa — anywhere but the U.S. Morgenthau, Ickes and Eleanor pressed him to adopt a more generous policy but he was afraid of provoking the men such as Charles Lindbergh who exploited anti-Semitism as a means of attacking Roosevelt's policies. In practice very few Jewish refugees came to the U.S. — only 22,000 German refugees were admitted in 1940, not all of them Jewish. The State Department official in charge of refugee issues, Breckinridge Long, insisted on following the highly restrictive immigration laws to the letter. As one example, in 1939, the State Department under Roosevelt did not allow a boat of Jews fleeing from the Nazis into the United States. When the passenger ship St. Louis approached the coast of Florida with nearly a thousand German Jews fleeing persecution by Hitler, Roosevelt did not respond to telegrams from passengers requesting asylum, and the State Department refused entry to the ship. Forced to return to Antwerp, many of the passengers eventually died in concentration camps.[3] After 1942, when Roosevelt was made aware of the Nazi extermination of the Jews by Rabbi Stephen Wise, the Polish envoy Jan Karski and others, he told them that the best solution was to destroy Nazi Germany. At Casablanca in 1943 Roosevelt announced there would be no compromise whatever with Hitler. In May 1943 he wrote to Cordell Hull (whose wife was Jewish): "I do not think we can do other than strictly comply with the present immigration laws." In January 1944, however, Morgenthau succeeded in persuading Roosevelt to allow the creation of a War Refugee Board in the Treasury Department. This allowed an increasing number of Jews to enter the U.S. in 1944 and 1945. It also financed Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg's work in Budapest, where he and others helped to save 100,000+ Jews from deportation to death camps. By this time, however, the European Jewish communities had already been largely destroyed in Hitler's Holocaust. In any case, after 1945 the focus of Jewish aspirations shifted from migration to the U.S. to settlement in British mandate of Palestine, where the Zionist movement hoped to create a Jewish state. Roosevelt was also opposed to this idea. When he met King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia in February 1945, he assured him he did not support a Jewish state in British mandate of Palestine.[citation needed]"
rimbo789 14y ago
Fussell's Great War and Modern Memory (http://www.amazon.com/The-Great-War-Modern-Memory/dp/0195133323 http://www.amazon.com/The-Great-War-Modern-Memory/dp/0195133...) is one of the great texts explaining WW1, though not perfect. Hugely influential creating the view that WW1 caused a break from Victorian to modern views and values. Fussell also passed away this week.
singular 14y ago
Very interesting. I do think it's vitally important to acknowledge the real nature of war, whose best witnesses are those who actually lived through it, the actual reality of it, not generals or politicians conducting the war from the safety of their offices. There's a real question as to whether war ought to be shown in all its gory, butcher's window horror in the media. On the one hand, it's important people realise what war is actually like, on the other, it's easy to get desensitised to this stuff. Personally, I've (regrettably) seen several images which indicate the reality of these things on shock sites, etc., and after a short while was rather desensitised. The images are so horrible that I just couldn't even begin to register the reality of it on any scale the way somebody who has actual experienced it would. I really don't know whether showing these images would really get people to see the utter, utter insanity of war and the cost to these ordinary human beings, or whether people would just get desensitised. It's an important question that ought to be explored.
- larskinn 14y ago
  I'm quickly desensitized by video footage or images from war, acts of terrorism and the like. It might just be me, but I find that reading about the atrocities of war is much more effectual. So maybe there is a case for more old-fashioned war reporting?
  - singular 14y ago
    Indeed, and there is also a question of the dignity of the victims of these events. It might be very distressing indeed for the family of a dead soldier to see his strewn remains appear on television.
- siavosh 14y ago
  In some countries there's less of a taboo in showing graphic war imagery than the US, and I don't think it's made them wiser. The injustice is when one small segment of your population endures the horror while the rest glorifies and romanticizes it. The extreme solution is if every time we as a country decide to go to ANY war, we conscript across all socio-economic lines. You really can't show or read about the cost of war.
lifeisstillgood 14y ago
Just use this as a counter to the "rising tide of crap" on HN. This has nothing to do with startups or technology, but it is a vital insight into our world, that makes us more aware of that world's terrible failings. I am glad HN is still a place I can come to read about web deployment best practises, and find my self lost in near weeping horror about the wars I did not try hard enough to stop. +1 from me and let's stop worrying we might be going downhill. Just push this uphill, Sisephyaen style.
- asdkl234890 14y ago
  Just use this as a counter to the "rising tide of crap" on HN. Then again what makes HN special to me is that it is free of otherwise very popular and frequently also great topics I agree with. Exactly because they are popular. Why should they also be popular here as well as everywhere else? This weekend the US will be awashed in Memorial day related content. Heck, I think this would fit better on HN if it was voted up on any other time of year. The current top comment mentions Memorial day isn't about hotdogs. But seriously is there a major US holiday less commercialized? Christmas is a god damn consumer orgy. Memorial day in my experience is still quite the thoughtful and yes memory and appreciation full holiday.
  - gruseom 14y ago
    I ran across this piece because Paul Fussell died this week and posted it because it was so shockingly enlightening. Nothing to do with Memorial Day; apart from not keeping track of these things, I'm Canadian and we do our remembering in November. If some people voted it up for Memorial Day, so much the better for an impassioned piece of good writing. Fussell obviously deserves to be better known.
    - pyre 14y ago
      > we do our remembering in November The US celebrates 'Veteran's Day' on November 11th, which coincides with Remembrance Day (or Armistice Day), though it's one of those holidays that are more of a footnote than anything else. Memorial Day apparently holds a much older heritage. According to Wikipedia: [...] it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the fallen Union soldiers of the Civil War [...] By the 20th century Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died in all wars.
antman 14y ago
In my opinion the real nature of war described in a matter-of-fact kind of way in the "Forgotten Soldier". In every chapter you think it can't get any worse, but it does.
- lostlogin 14y ago
  Paul Ham, Kokoda. It made me feel sick reading it. And I had never heard of it until someone gave me the book. Closest thing to hell I can imagine.
hinathan 14y ago
Neal Stevenson's Cryptonomicon does a pretty good job, in places, of calling out some of the more terrifying and gruesome aspects of WW2 in the Pacific. It reads so distinctly removed from the Hollywood version but this piece is a good reminder of the depth and length of the discomfort and terror the ground troops endured.
TwoBit 14y ago
I'm no American flag waver, but I think the primary reason Germany had better weapons was that they had years of head start in developing them. It makes me wonder if this is why the US has since spent trillions trying to stay ahead of the weapons curve.
- shareme 14y ago
  US first spent a trillion developing nuclear weapons during WWII..imagine that the US spent more than $1 trillion in WWII
- smacktoward 14y ago
  I don't know about that. The Germans had the same head start on Russia that they had on the US, but when the Russians came into the fighting in 1941 they were already fielding the T-34 tank (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34), which outclassed any German panzer in a one-to-one engagement and may have been the finest tank in the world. The best US industry could turn out in 1941 was the abysmal M3 Lee (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Lee http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Lee), which would go on to get absolutely chewed to pieces by the Germans in the North African campaign. Even the next American attempt, the iconic M4 Sherman, which was the US' standard medium tank by 1944, was unimpressive compared to contemporary Russian and German designs. The big lesson of WW2, though, was that in modern all-out warfare the quality of individual tanks didn't really matter. What mattered was the quantity those tanks could be turned out in. The Germans, stung by the unexpected quality of Russian tanks, had turned their efforts toward building absolute monsters like the Tiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I) and Panther (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank). Those tanks individually outclassed any Allied tank of the era, even the Russians'. But they were so complicated to build that the Germans could only turn out a few thousand of them, which was peanuts compared to the swarms of T-34s and Shermans the Allies were cranking out. The tactical doctrine in 1944 was that it would take five Shermans, acting together, to knock out a single Tiger; but US industry turned out 12,000+ Shermans that year, while German industry would only turn out around 1,000 Tigers, so five-to-one numerical superiority wasn't hard to put together. No matter how fearsome the German tanks became, they eventually got stung to death by swarms of less impressive enemies.
rubypay 14y ago
Same article, but reformatted to make it easier to read (for me at least): http://www.readability.com/articles/ikavpsvz http://www.readability.com/articles/ikavpsvz
edw519 14y ago
Thank you, OP, for reminding us in the U.S. that Memorial Day wasn't meant for barbeques and sales, but for remembering. R.I.P. Max Marcus, (1923-1944), KIA, Battle of the Bulge. George Weissman, (1925-1945), DOW, Germany. To the uncles I never met and the cousins who never came to be.
siavosh 14y ago
Most of us at times have felt patriotic or romantic perceptions of battle and war. In addition to this piece, Chris Hedges' "War is a force that gives us meaning", will help vaccinate you from such notions and manipulations. http://www.amazon.com/War-Force-that-Gives-Meaning/dp/1400034639 http://www.amazon.com/War-Force-that-Gives-Meaning/dp/140003...
yequalsx 14y ago
It was nice to read the article. My dad died last year. He was an infantryman in 1944 & 1945 in the 3rd army. He lost a lot of friends and my uncles told me that the war fucked him up. He became an alcoholic and never could fully shake the demons. He could never watch a war movie or anything depicting war. He also never could talk about what he experienced. I've realized that the ones who talk usually didn't see any combat. My dad hated war and hated patriotic fervor.
- AlexFromBelgium 14y ago
  I wonder if it was harder on the American or the European soldiers. Going home to a land where nobody knows what you've been through.. My grandfather fought in WW2 and he talked about it all the time. But I feel like he got over it, psychologically. Everyone here did it together.. I think.
  - lostlogin 14y ago
    That's a great comment. I have a thought that a few American civilians were killed (Pearl Harbour and some kind of hot air balloon bombs from Japan I seem to recall), but having the majority of the population have no idea what you experienced has got to make it harder.
  - rospaya 14y ago
    You can counter that with European soldiers coming home to dead families and destroyed cities. The US was prosperous and had unmatched conditions to help returning soldiers.
lukestevens 14y ago
Related: the @RealTimeWWII project (https://twitter.com/#!/RealTimeWWII/ https://twitter.com/#!/RealTimeWWII/) is an ambitious, and very compelling re-telling of the war. You really feel the tension, especially with the Dunkirk evacuation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation) just starting. Personally, I don't think I could handle multiple daily updates for the next six years, but it's fun to check in with now and again.
greedo 14y ago
Hard to take this article too seriously when it makes an egregious error regarding the quality of US automatic rifles in the very first paragraph. The M1 Garand was one of the finest rifles built, and George Patton considered it the "greatest battle implement ever devised."
- crystalis 14y ago
  "It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 21, 1905, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing, semi-automatic 8 round M1 Garand, starting in 1937. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient M1 rifles to arm all troops" Thanks Wikipedia, that was easy!
- innolee 14y ago
  While the M1 Garand may have been one of the greatest battle implements ever devised, it was semi-automatic, not fully automatic. The article probably refers to the M1918 BAR.
  - greedo 14y ago
    There weren't many automatic rifles in use during the war; the BAR was one of few since there were conflicting requirements. Most of the other "automatic rifles" were really submachine guns; until the Stug44 came along, the automatic rifle just wasn't that popular. "They knew that their automatic rifles (First World War vintage) were slower and clumsier..." This implies that the Axis had a better automatic rifle, which wasn't the case at all. The Wermacht didn't deploy an automatic rifle until the Stug44 in the last year of the war. Instead, they relied upon their bolt action rifles to provide protection to the core of the infantry unit, the MG34 and MG44. The Japanese as well didn't use an automatic rifle in their infantry units, relying on the Ariska bolt action. The Italians too didn't use an automatic rifle to any extent. If he wants to criticize the Army for using the BAR that's fine; but to imply that US weapons (other than the atomic bomb) were inferior to their counterparts is specious. The B-24, B-29, A/B-26 were far superior to any bombers the Axis ever deployed. The P-51, P-47, and P-38 were outstanding fighters. The deuce and a half truck (that probably won the war) was far superior to any truck the Germans had. And other than a crappy bunch of torpedoes throughout the war, the USN was equipped with excellent ships and aircraft. Sure in the beginning of the conflict there were issues with hardware (Brewster Buffalo, Devastator torpedo bomber, etc), but to make it as if the US equipment was trash is just mistaken.
DanielBMarkham 14y ago
Wow. I just got through reading and reviewing Fussell's book this was taken from, Wartime. http://i-heart.us/read-smart/wartime/ http://i-heart.us/read-smart/wartime/ I was watching some political commentary show a few weeks ago and one of the talking heads mentioned it, so on a lark I got it from Amazon. If you want to understand the war, I can't recommend this book enough. It's not a history book like most of us are used to. It's more of a social history -- the way things were and the way people experienced them. I know it changed my view of WWII forever. War is like death: when it comes we all must deal with it, and it is a great horror upon us and society. It changes the world and the way people think about things. When modern students look back at WWII, I don't think they have any idea what they're really looking at. I am reminded of a section in the book (not sure if it's in this essay, sorry, once I realized I already have read this I skipped ahead) where two soldiers are getting off the boat at the end of the war in New York. They were given cookies and candy. One remembers that here they were for all intents and purposes cold-blooded killers coming from hell, and civilians were treating them like kids home from summer camp. Even many of the people that lived through it didn't understand the true nature of the war. Fussell did a great job with this article and the longer book. (side note: he also did a book on WWI. Been meaning to read that as well. I believe both of these books won some awards)
- swang 14y ago
  It is mentioned in the book but it was referring to a Canadian returning home. > The postwar result for the Allies, at least, is suggested by one returning Canadian soldier, wounded three times in Normandy and Holland, who recalls (in Six War Years 1939-1945, edited by Barry Broadfoot) disembarking with his buddies to find on the quay nice, smiling Red Cross or Salvation Army girls. >> 'They give us a little bag and it has a couple of chocolate bars in it and a comic book. . . . We had gone overseas not much more than children but we were coming back, sure, let's face it, as killers. And they were still treating us as children. Candy and comic books.'
- ojbyrne 14y ago
  Thank you for the book recommendation - really enjoying it so far.
_nato_ 14y ago
Thank-you. Absolutely Incredible.
_nato_ 14y ago
Also a great 'no-holds-bar' american piece is the following: http://www.online-literature.com/bierce/992/ http://www.online-literature.com/bierce/992/ quite great.
swang 14y ago
> "Good God," said S., shocked, "here's one of his fingers." S. stubbed with his toe at the ground some feet from the corpse. There is more horror in a severed digit than in a man dying: it savors of mutilation. "Christ," went on S. in a very low voice, "look, it's not his finger." Is this referring to what I think it's referring to?
- BrainScraps 14y ago
  I hope not - but probably so. Ugh. P.T.S.D.
Aaronontheweb 14y ago
My grandfather was a US Army Air Corps bombardier in WWII... During one of his group's missions over Southern France (he was based out of Corsica) they had a NCO from a ground division onboard, who at one point remarked "boy I'm sure glad I'm up here far away from all of the chaos and hell on the ground." Two minutes later a 3-inch piece of German flak penetrated the NCO's seat and missed his balls by under an inch. If you were a combat theater of WWII, nothing was safe. In the air, in a sub, on the ground, in a civilian city under attack, on a ship, anything. I recommend reading Stephen Ambrose's Wild Blue: http://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Blue-Germany-1944-45/dp/0743203399 http://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Blue-Germany-1944-45/dp/07432... - it gives a realistic portrayal of the air combat facets of WWII and features a lot of George McGovern's personal experiences throughout.
forbes 14y ago
Off topic: The author's son, Sam Fussell, wrote a very entertaining book "Muscle". It is an eye-opening look into the bodybuilding sub-culture. If you ever see a copy, grab it. Very entertaining.
MattRogish 14y ago
You kind of have to hope if more people (politicians, general public, enlistees) saw the realities of war they may be less likely to start them. There are a number of disturbing things about the USA Combat Robot / Drone programs but one of them is removing the psychological impact of blowing up another human being (bad guy, civilian). It seems like a path to increasing conflict, not reducing it.
WiseWeasel 14y ago
My grandfather was enlisted in the French infantry, driving horses to haul their outdated artillery through deep mud. His unit quickly had their supply and command cut off, and so they ate their horses and dispersed back to their homes mostly on foot, surviving as best they could on what little they could find. Later, a couple men from the local resistance showed up at his house, having learned of his experience with explosives. They asked him to join, and he reluctantly agreed. After he and a colleague blew up a local bridge, the SS came into town and carried off an elderly business owner and respected member of the community. They publicly tortured him and threatened to kill him the following day unless those responsible turned themselves in. Allegedly, that night, my grandfather was forwarded a note smuggled from the captive elderly gentleman saying that he'd lived a full life, and to not under any circumstance surrender to the Germans. He stayed hidden, and the SS executed their hostage. He never shared the note with anyone, and for a long time felt the animosity of the people in his community who reproached his actions and their gruesome consequences.
opminion 14y ago
Most useful when shared with our enemies.
taliesinb 14y ago
If we are more journalistically enlightened now, what would be a good example of mainstream war journalism detailing the horrors of war in Afghanistan or Iraq?

223 points by gruseom 14y ago

I recommend reading everything by Paul Fussel, who never got over his rage at being exploited in war and seeing his best friend killed in France, and used his lifelong career in English literature as an instrument to communicate it.

moldbug 14y ago

Don't miss Nicholson Baker's Human Smoke, far and away the best introduction to a cynical interpretation of WWII.

antidoh 14y ago
And "The 'Good' War" by Studs Terkel, a comprehensive masterpiece of individual perspective.
Estragon 14y ago
Human Smoke is brilliant. I had no idea that Roosevelt was a virulent anti-semite [1] or that starvation through blockade was a key part of allied strategy.[2] And TIL that between 500 000 and 3 000 000 Germans are estimated to have died in the subsequent forced relocation back to German territory.[3] A memoir of one soldier's experience in the Pacific which is along the same lines as the Atlantic article is Goodbye Darkness.[4] It's a hell of a read. [1] http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&lpg=PP1&#3... [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&pg=PA143 http://books.google.com/books?id=8HKQEJlAl9gC&pg=PA143 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)#Casualties http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans... [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=nvPRNK-Zo_YC&printsec=frontcover http://books.google.com/books?id=nvPRNK-Zo_YC&printsec=f...
- Steko 14y ago
  "I had no idea that Roosevelt was a virulent anti-semite" For balance: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_record_on_civil_rights#The_Holocaust_and_attitudes_toward_Jews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_recor... quoting the whole thing... "Franklin's mother Sara shared anti-Semitic attitudes common among Americans at the time.[citation needed] Although anti-Semitism was common during the era, it is argued[citation needed] that FDR was not anti-Semitic. Some of his closest political associates, such as Felix Frankfurter, Bernard Baruch and Samuel I. Rosenman, were Jewish, and he happily cultivated the important Jewish vote in New York City. He appointed Henry Morgenthau, Jr. as the first Jewish Secretary of the Treasury and appointed Frankfurter to the Supreme Court. Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin cites statistics showing that FDR’s high level executive appointments favored Jews (15% of his top appointments at a time when Jews represented 3% of the U.S. population) which subjected Roosevelt to frequent criticism. The August, 1936 edition of "The White Knight" published an article referring to the New Deal as the “Jew Deal.” Pamphlets appeared such as "What Every Congressman Should Know" in 1940 (featuring a sketch of the Capitol building with a Star of David atop its dome) that proclaimed that the Jews were in control of the American government. Financier and FDR confidant Bernard Baruch was called the “Unofficial President” in the anti-Semitic literature of the time. The periodical Liberation, for example, accused FDR of loading his government with Jews.[2] During his first term Roosevelt condemned Hitler's persecution of German Jews. As the Jewish exodus from Germany increased after 1937, Roosevelt was asked by American Jewish organizations and Congressmen to allow these refugees to settle in the U.S. At first he suggested that the Jewish refugees should be "resettled" elsewhere, and suggested Venezuela, Ethiopia or West Africa — anywhere but the U.S. Morgenthau, Ickes and Eleanor pressed him to adopt a more generous policy but he was afraid of provoking the men such as Charles Lindbergh who exploited anti-Semitism as a means of attacking Roosevelt's policies. In practice very few Jewish refugees came to the U.S. — only 22,000 German refugees were admitted in 1940, not all of them Jewish. The State Department official in charge of refugee issues, Breckinridge Long, insisted on following the highly restrictive immigration laws to the letter. As one example, in 1939, the State Department under Roosevelt did not allow a boat of Jews fleeing from the Nazis into the United States. When the passenger ship St. Louis approached the coast of Florida with nearly a thousand German Jews fleeing persecution by Hitler, Roosevelt did not respond to telegrams from passengers requesting asylum, and the State Department refused entry to the ship. Forced to return to Antwerp, many of the passengers eventually died in concentration camps.[3] After 1942, when Roosevelt was made aware of the Nazi extermination of the Jews by Rabbi Stephen Wise, the Polish envoy Jan Karski and others, he told them that the best solution was to destroy Nazi Germany. At Casablanca in 1943 Roosevelt announced there would be no compromise whatever with Hitler. In May 1943 he wrote to Cordell Hull (whose wife was Jewish): "I do not think we can do other than strictly comply with the present immigration laws." In January 1944, however, Morgenthau succeeded in persuading Roosevelt to allow the creation of a War Refugee Board in the Treasury Department. This allowed an increasing number of Jews to enter the U.S. in 1944 and 1945. It also financed Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg's work in Budapest, where he and others helped to save 100,000+ Jews from deportation to death camps. By this time, however, the European Jewish communities had already been largely destroyed in Hitler's Holocaust. In any case, after 1945 the focus of Jewish aspirations shifted from migration to the U.S. to settlement in British mandate of Palestine, where the Zionist movement hoped to create a Jewish state. Roosevelt was also opposed to this idea. When he met King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia in February 1945, he assured him he did not support a Jewish state in British mandate of Palestine.[citation needed]"

rimbo789 14y ago

Fussell's Great War and Modern Memory (http://www.amazon.com/The-Great-War-Modern-Memory/dp/0195133323 http://www.amazon.com/The-Great-War-Modern-Memory/dp/0195133...) is one of the great texts explaining WW1, though not perfect. Hugely influential creating the view that WW1 caused a break from Victorian to modern views and values. Fussell also passed away this week.

singular 14y ago

Very interesting. I do think it's vitally important to acknowledge the real nature of war, whose best witnesses are those who actually lived through it, the actual reality of it, not generals or politicians conducting the war from the safety of their offices. There's a real question as to whether war ought to be shown in all its gory, butcher's window horror in the media. On the one hand, it's important people realise what war is actually like, on the other, it's easy to get desensitised to this stuff. Personally, I've (regrettably) seen several images which indicate the reality of these things on shock sites, etc., and after a short while was rather desensitised. The images are so horrible that I just couldn't even begin to register the reality of it on any scale the way somebody who has actual experienced it would. I really don't know whether showing these images would really get people to see the utter, utter insanity of war and the cost to these ordinary human beings, or whether people would just get desensitised. It's an important question that ought to be explored.

larskinn 14y ago
I'm quickly desensitized by video footage or images from war, acts of terrorism and the like. It might just be me, but I find that reading about the atrocities of war is much more effectual. So maybe there is a case for more old-fashioned war reporting?
- singular 14y ago
  Indeed, and there is also a question of the dignity of the victims of these events. It might be very distressing indeed for the family of a dead soldier to see his strewn remains appear on television.
siavosh 14y ago
In some countries there's less of a taboo in showing graphic war imagery than the US, and I don't think it's made them wiser. The injustice is when one small segment of your population endures the horror while the rest glorifies and romanticizes it. The extreme solution is if every time we as a country decide to go to ANY war, we conscript across all socio-economic lines. You really can't show or read about the cost of war.

lifeisstillgood 14y ago

Just use this as a counter to the "rising tide of crap" on HN. This has nothing to do with startups or technology, but it is a vital insight into our world, that makes us more aware of that world's terrible failings. I am glad HN is still a place I can come to read about web deployment best practises, and find my self lost in near weeping horror about the wars I did not try hard enough to stop. +1 from me and let's stop worrying we might be going downhill. Just push this uphill, Sisephyaen style.

asdkl234890 14y ago
Just use this as a counter to the "rising tide of crap" on HN. Then again what makes HN special to me is that it is free of otherwise very popular and frequently also great topics I agree with. Exactly because they are popular. Why should they also be popular here as well as everywhere else? This weekend the US will be awashed in Memorial day related content. Heck, I think this would fit better on HN if it was voted up on any other time of year. The current top comment mentions Memorial day isn't about hotdogs. But seriously is there a major US holiday less commercialized? Christmas is a god damn consumer orgy. Memorial day in my experience is still quite the thoughtful and yes memory and appreciation full holiday.
- gruseom 14y ago
  I ran across this piece because Paul Fussell died this week and posted it because it was so shockingly enlightening. Nothing to do with Memorial Day; apart from not keeping track of these things, I'm Canadian and we do our remembering in November. If some people voted it up for Memorial Day, so much the better for an impassioned piece of good writing. Fussell obviously deserves to be better known.
  - pyre 14y ago
    > we do our remembering in November The US celebrates 'Veteran's Day' on November 11th, which coincides with Remembrance Day (or Armistice Day), though it's one of those holidays that are more of a footnote than anything else. Memorial Day apparently holds a much older heritage. According to Wikipedia: [...] it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the fallen Union soldiers of the Civil War [...] By the 20th century Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died in all wars.

antman 14y ago

In my opinion the real nature of war described in a matter-of-fact kind of way in the "Forgotten Soldier". In every chapter you think it can't get any worse, but it does.

lostlogin 14y ago
Paul Ham, Kokoda. It made me feel sick reading it. And I had never heard of it until someone gave me the book. Closest thing to hell I can imagine.

hinathan 14y ago

Neal Stevenson's Cryptonomicon does a pretty good job, in places, of calling out some of the more terrifying and gruesome aspects of WW2 in the Pacific. It reads so distinctly removed from the Hollywood version but this piece is a good reminder of the depth and length of the discomfort and terror the ground troops endured.

TwoBit 14y ago

I'm no American flag waver, but I think the primary reason Germany had better weapons was that they had years of head start in developing them. It makes me wonder if this is why the US has since spent trillions trying to stay ahead of the weapons curve.

shareme 14y ago
US first spent a trillion developing nuclear weapons during WWII..imagine that the US spent more than $1 trillion in WWII
smacktoward 14y ago
I don't know about that. The Germans had the same head start on Russia that they had on the US, but when the Russians came into the fighting in 1941 they were already fielding the T-34 tank (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34), which outclassed any German panzer in a one-to-one engagement and may have been the finest tank in the world. The best US industry could turn out in 1941 was the abysmal M3 Lee (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Lee http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Lee), which would go on to get absolutely chewed to pieces by the Germans in the North African campaign. Even the next American attempt, the iconic M4 Sherman, which was the US' standard medium tank by 1944, was unimpressive compared to contemporary Russian and German designs. The big lesson of WW2, though, was that in modern all-out warfare the quality of individual tanks didn't really matter. What mattered was the quantity those tanks could be turned out in. The Germans, stung by the unexpected quality of Russian tanks, had turned their efforts toward building absolute monsters like the Tiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I) and Panther (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank). Those tanks individually outclassed any Allied tank of the era, even the Russians'. But they were so complicated to build that the Germans could only turn out a few thousand of them, which was peanuts compared to the swarms of T-34s and Shermans the Allies were cranking out. The tactical doctrine in 1944 was that it would take five Shermans, acting together, to knock out a single Tiger; but US industry turned out 12,000+ Shermans that year, while German industry would only turn out around 1,000 Tigers, so five-to-one numerical superiority wasn't hard to put together. No matter how fearsome the German tanks became, they eventually got stung to death by swarms of less impressive enemies.

rubypay 14y ago

Same article, but reformatted to make it easier to read (for me at least): http://www.readability.com/articles/ikavpsvz http://www.readability.com/articles/ikavpsvz

edw519 14y ago

Thank you, OP, for reminding us in the U.S. that Memorial Day wasn't meant for barbeques and sales, but for remembering. R.I.P. Max Marcus, (1923-1944), KIA, Battle of the Bulge. George Weissman, (1925-1945), DOW, Germany. To the uncles I never met and the cousins who never came to be.

siavosh 14y ago

Most of us at times have felt patriotic or romantic perceptions of battle and war. In addition to this piece, Chris Hedges' "War is a force that gives us meaning", will help vaccinate you from such notions and manipulations. http://www.amazon.com/War-Force-that-Gives-Meaning/dp/1400034639 http://www.amazon.com/War-Force-that-Gives-Meaning/dp/140003...

yequalsx 14y ago

It was nice to read the article. My dad died last year. He was an infantryman in 1944 & 1945 in the 3rd army. He lost a lot of friends and my uncles told me that the war fucked him up. He became an alcoholic and never could fully shake the demons. He could never watch a war movie or anything depicting war. He also never could talk about what he experienced. I've realized that the ones who talk usually didn't see any combat. My dad hated war and hated patriotic fervor.

AlexFromBelgium 14y ago
I wonder if it was harder on the American or the European soldiers. Going home to a land where nobody knows what you've been through.. My grandfather fought in WW2 and he talked about it all the time. But I feel like he got over it, psychologically. Everyone here did it together.. I think.
- lostlogin 14y ago
  That's a great comment. I have a thought that a few American civilians were killed (Pearl Harbour and some kind of hot air balloon bombs from Japan I seem to recall), but having the majority of the population have no idea what you experienced has got to make it harder.
- rospaya 14y ago
  You can counter that with European soldiers coming home to dead families and destroyed cities. The US was prosperous and had unmatched conditions to help returning soldiers.

lukestevens 14y ago

Related: the @RealTimeWWII project (https://twitter.com/#!/RealTimeWWII/ https://twitter.com/#!/RealTimeWWII/) is an ambitious, and very compelling re-telling of the war. You really feel the tension, especially with the Dunkirk evacuation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation) just starting. Personally, I don't think I could handle multiple daily updates for the next six years, but it's fun to check in with now and again.

greedo 14y ago

Hard to take this article too seriously when it makes an egregious error regarding the quality of US automatic rifles in the very first paragraph. The M1 Garand was one of the finest rifles built, and George Patton considered it the "greatest battle implement ever devised."

crystalis 14y ago
"It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 21, 1905, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing, semi-automatic 8 round M1 Garand, starting in 1937. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient M1 rifles to arm all troops" Thanks Wikipedia, that was easy!
innolee 14y ago
While the M1 Garand may have been one of the greatest battle implements ever devised, it was semi-automatic, not fully automatic. The article probably refers to the M1918 BAR.
- greedo 14y ago
  There weren't many automatic rifles in use during the war; the BAR was one of few since there were conflicting requirements. Most of the other "automatic rifles" were really submachine guns; until the Stug44 came along, the automatic rifle just wasn't that popular. "They knew that their automatic rifles (First World War vintage) were slower and clumsier..." This implies that the Axis had a better automatic rifle, which wasn't the case at all. The Wermacht didn't deploy an automatic rifle until the Stug44 in the last year of the war. Instead, they relied upon their bolt action rifles to provide protection to the core of the infantry unit, the MG34 and MG44. The Japanese as well didn't use an automatic rifle in their infantry units, relying on the Ariska bolt action. The Italians too didn't use an automatic rifle to any extent. If he wants to criticize the Army for using the BAR that's fine; but to imply that US weapons (other than the atomic bomb) were inferior to their counterparts is specious. The B-24, B-29, A/B-26 were far superior to any bombers the Axis ever deployed. The P-51, P-47, and P-38 were outstanding fighters. The deuce and a half truck (that probably won the war) was far superior to any truck the Germans had. And other than a crappy bunch of torpedoes throughout the war, the USN was equipped with excellent ships and aircraft. Sure in the beginning of the conflict there were issues with hardware (Brewster Buffalo, Devastator torpedo bomber, etc), but to make it as if the US equipment was trash is just mistaken.

DanielBMarkham 14y ago

Wow. I just got through reading and reviewing Fussell's book this was taken from, Wartime. http://i-heart.us/read-smart/wartime/ http://i-heart.us/read-smart/wartime/ I was watching some political commentary show a few weeks ago and one of the talking heads mentioned it, so on a lark I got it from Amazon. If you want to understand the war, I can't recommend this book enough. It's not a history book like most of us are used to. It's more of a social history -- the way things were and the way people experienced them. I know it changed my view of WWII forever. War is like death: when it comes we all must deal with it, and it is a great horror upon us and society. It changes the world and the way people think about things. When modern students look back at WWII, I don't think they have any idea what they're really looking at. I am reminded of a section in the book (not sure if it's in this essay, sorry, once I realized I already have read this I skipped ahead) where two soldiers are getting off the boat at the end of the war in New York. They were given cookies and candy. One remembers that here they were for all intents and purposes cold-blooded killers coming from hell, and civilians were treating them like kids home from summer camp. Even many of the people that lived through it didn't understand the true nature of the war. Fussell did a great job with this article and the longer book. (side note: he also did a book on WWI. Been meaning to read that as well. I believe both of these books won some awards)

swang 14y ago
It is mentioned in the book but it was referring to a Canadian returning home. > The postwar result for the Allies, at least, is suggested by one returning Canadian soldier, wounded three times in Normandy and Holland, who recalls (in Six War Years 1939-1945, edited by Barry Broadfoot) disembarking with his buddies to find on the quay nice, smiling Red Cross or Salvation Army girls. >> 'They give us a little bag and it has a couple of chocolate bars in it and a comic book. . . . We had gone overseas not much more than children but we were coming back, sure, let's face it, as killers. And they were still treating us as children. Candy and comic books.'
ojbyrne 14y ago
Thank you for the book recommendation - really enjoying it so far.

_nato_ 14y ago

Thank-you. Absolutely Incredible.

_nato_ 14y ago

Also a great 'no-holds-bar' american piece is the following: http://www.online-literature.com/bierce/992/ http://www.online-literature.com/bierce/992/ quite great.

swang 14y ago

> "Good God," said S., shocked, "here's one of his fingers." S. stubbed with his toe at the ground some feet from the corpse. There is more horror in a severed digit than in a man dying: it savors of mutilation. "Christ," went on S. in a very low voice, "look, it's not his finger." Is this referring to what I think it's referring to?

BrainScraps 14y ago
I hope not - but probably so. Ugh. P.T.S.D.

Aaronontheweb 14y ago

My grandfather was a US Army Air Corps bombardier in WWII... During one of his group's missions over Southern France (he was based out of Corsica) they had a NCO from a ground division onboard, who at one point remarked "boy I'm sure glad I'm up here far away from all of the chaos and hell on the ground." Two minutes later a 3-inch piece of German flak penetrated the NCO's seat and missed his balls by under an inch. If you were a combat theater of WWII, nothing was safe. In the air, in a sub, on the ground, in a civilian city under attack, on a ship, anything. I recommend reading Stephen Ambrose's Wild Blue: http://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Blue-Germany-1944-45/dp/0743203399 http://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Blue-Germany-1944-45/dp/07432... - it gives a realistic portrayal of the air combat facets of WWII and features a lot of George McGovern's personal experiences throughout.

forbes 14y ago

Off topic: The author's son, Sam Fussell, wrote a very entertaining book "Muscle". It is an eye-opening look into the bodybuilding sub-culture. If you ever see a copy, grab it. Very entertaining.

MattRogish 14y ago

You kind of have to hope if more people (politicians, general public, enlistees) saw the realities of war they may be less likely to start them. There are a number of disturbing things about the USA Combat Robot / Drone programs but one of them is removing the psychological impact of blowing up another human being (bad guy, civilian). It seems like a path to increasing conflict, not reducing it.

WiseWeasel 14y ago

My grandfather was enlisted in the French infantry, driving horses to haul their outdated artillery through deep mud. His unit quickly had their supply and command cut off, and so they ate their horses and dispersed back to their homes mostly on foot, surviving as best they could on what little they could find. Later, a couple men from the local resistance showed up at his house, having learned of his experience with explosives. They asked him to join, and he reluctantly agreed. After he and a colleague blew up a local bridge, the SS came into town and carried off an elderly business owner and respected member of the community. They publicly tortured him and threatened to kill him the following day unless those responsible turned themselves in. Allegedly, that night, my grandfather was forwarded a note smuggled from the captive elderly gentleman saying that he'd lived a full life, and to not under any circumstance surrender to the Germans. He stayed hidden, and the SS executed their hostage. He never shared the note with anyone, and for a long time felt the animosity of the people in his community who reproached his actions and their gruesome consequences.

opminion 14y ago

Most useful when shared with our enemies.

taliesinb 14y ago

If we are more journalistically enlightened now, what would be a good example of mainstream war journalism detailing the horrors of war in Afghanistan or Iraq?