Yes, although it might be in your interest to not be formally charged, and they cannot hold you for more than 48 hours without due process. Within those 48 hour

Yes, although it might be in your interest to not be formally charged, and they cannot hold you for more than 48 hours without due process. Within those 48 hours the police do have to inform you of the crime that you are suspected of (but not charged with), and if they want to hold you for longer, the police need to present their evidence to a public prosecutor. The prosecutor can request up to two 10-day extensions from a judge. The prosecutor and judge must both agree that there is sufficient evidence to grant the extension, and you will generally be present at those extension hearings. If the evidence is not sufficient for granting that extension, you will likely be released without any charges, and never factor into that 99% conviction-rate calculation. So it's not like you can just be thrown in a cell for weeks without any explanation or any rights. And while you don't have to have done anything wrong, there at least needs to be evidence that you've done something wrong. Factually-innocent people in the US who find themselves facing charges with evidence against them often end up pressured to accept a plea bargain, even if they know they're innocent. It's a failure mode that both systems have, although they handle them differently. I'm not saying it's fair, of course. A factually-innocent foreigner who doesn't understand the language, the legal system, or the situation they're in could easily slip up and end up confessing to a crime they didn't commit, or making any number of similar mistakes.