Well, a combination of that and its training data. base LLMs reflect the views in their training data, which is also heavily influenced by culture, and then the

Well, a combination of that and its training data. base LLMs reflect the views in their training data, which is also heavily influenced by culture, and then the people training them usually try to adjust that with more carefully selected training data (with varying degrees of success: generally the result seems to be overly-cautious, but with still some substantial biases slipping through the cracks. See how much difference there is between image generators prompted with different genders).