I think the swapping model is working for taxi drivers in China, but it's a model where the vehicle owner doesn't own the battery, it's more like a lease model.

I think the swapping model is working for taxi drivers in China, but it's a model where the vehicle owner doesn't own the battery, it's more like a lease model. Thus if you do accidentally get a bad battery in a swap, you don't take any loss (other than inconvenience), you just go back and get another one. Matching demand and supply might be a bit tricky, but it's a steadily growning industry in China: https://restofworld.org/2024/ev-battery-swapping-china/ https://restofworld.org/2024/ev-battery-swapping-china/