SSD speed as measured by bandwidth. The latency numbers have barely moved in a decade. And swap in operations are 100% a latency test, best reflected by qd=1 r

SSD speed as measured by bandwidth. The latency numbers have barely moved in a decade. And swap in operations are 100% a latency test, best reflected by qd=1 random 4k read (well 16k on a mac, but the point remains since the IOP numbers will be roughtly the same with a 4x larger bandwidth at 16k). It's rare to see an SSD that can even do 100MB/sec qd1 random read, and the numbers largely seem to be going backward as the number of bits being packed into each cell increases (ex MLC->QLC) on many products. Bandwidth has always been easy, I had spinning RAID arrays that were faster than your average SSD 15 years ago if the only measure is bandwidth. This is why the xpoint disks were a big deal. 2-3x faster QD1 iops numbers.