Worse is how it's completely asymmetric. For example micro-donation based services such as charities are flooded with fraud because they are a prime avenue for

Worse is how it's completely asymmetric. For example micro-donation based services such as charities are flooded with fraud because they are a prime avenue for card testing. It's also a volume question. If you have low margins but high volumes, you might run a very sophisticated anti-fraud setup to walk the razor thin line around compliant chargeback and refund rates. From the consumer POV of course it's all the same and annoying at that. But the plumbing behind the system has some insane blunt tools, some programs held together by excel-sheets and duct tape while others are super complex with blackbox rulesets.