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"Inlining is actually pretty evil". No it's not. Except if you __force_inline__ everything, of course. Inlining reduces the number of instructions in a lot of

"Inlining is actually pretty evil". No it's not. Except if you __force_inline__ everything, of course. Inlining reduces the number of instructions in a lot of cases. Especially when things are abstracted and factored with lot of indirections into small functions that calls other small functions and so on. Consider a 'isEmpty' function, which dissolves to 1 cpu instruction once inlined, compared with a call/save reg/compare/return. Highly dynamic code (with most functions being virtual) tend to result in a fest of chained calls, jumping into functions doing very little work. Yes the stack is usually hot and fast, but spending 80% of the instructions doing stack management is still a big waste. Compilers already have good heuristics about when they should be inlining, chances are they are a lot better at it than you. They don't always inline, and that's not possible anyway. My experience is that compiler do marvels with inlining decisions when there are lots of small functions they _can_ inline if they want to. It gives the compiler a lot of freedom. Lambdas are great for that as well. Make sure you make the most possible compile-time information available to the compiler, factor your code, don't have huge functions, and let the compiler do its magic. As a plus, you can have high level abstractions, deep hierarchies, and still get excellent performances.

grdbjydcv 2y ago
The “evilness” is just that sometimes if you inline aggressively in a microbenchmark things get faster but in real programs things get slower. As you say: “chances are they are a lot better at it than you”. Infrequently they are not.
EasyMark 2y ago
doesn't the compiler usually do well enough that you really only need to worry about time critical sections of code? Even then you could go in and look at the assembler and see if it's being inlined, no?
- usefulcat 2y ago
  I find that gcc and clang are so aggressive about inlining that it's usually more effective to tell them what not to inline. In a moderately-sized codebase I regularly work on, I use __attribute__((noinline)) nearly ten times as often as __attribute__((always_inline)). And I use __attribute__((cold)) even more than noinline. So yeah, I can kind of see why someone would say inlining is 'evil', though I think it's more accurate to say that it's just not possible for compilers to figure out these kinds of details without copious hints (like PGO).
  - jandrewrogers 2y ago
    +1 on the __attribute__((cold)). Compilers so aggressively optimize based on their heuristics that you spend more time telling them that an apparent optimization opportunity is not actually an optimization. When writing ultra-robust code that has to survive every vaguely plausible contingency in a graceful way, the code is littered with code paths that only exist for astronomically improbable situations. The branch predictor can figure this out but the compiler frequently cannot without explicit instructions to not pollute the i-cache.
- somenameforme 2y ago
  I find the Unreal Engine source to be a reasonable reference for C++ discussions, because it runs just unbelievably well for what it does, and on a huge array of hardware (and software). And it's explicit with inlining, other hints, and even a million things that could be easily called micro-optimizations, to a somewhat absurd degree. So I'd take away two conclusions from this. The first is that when building a code base you don't necessarily know what it's being compiled with. And so even if there were a super-amazing compiler, there's no guarantee that's what will be compiling your code. Making it explicit, so long as you have a reasonably good idea of what you're doing, is generally just a good idea. It also conveys intent to some degree, especially things like final. The second is that I think the saying 'premature optimization is the root of all evil' is the root of all evil. Because that mindset has gradually transitioned to being against optimization in general outside of the most primitive things like not running critical sections in O(N^2) when they could be O(N). And I think it's this mindset that has gradually brought us to where we are today where need what what would have been a literal supercomputer not that long ago, to run a word processor. It's like death by a thousand cuts, and quite ridiculous.
  - moring 2y ago
    > The second is that I think the saying 'premature optimization is the root of all evil' is the root of all evil. The greater evil is putting a one-sentence quote out of context: """ There is no doubt that the grail of efficiency leads to abuse. Programmers waste enormous amounts of time thinking about, or worrying about, the speed of noncritical parts of their programs, and these attempts at efficiency actually have a strong negative impact when debugging and maintenance are considered. We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil. Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%. A good programmer will not be lulled into complacency by such reasoning, he will be wise to look carefully at the critical code; but only after that code has been identified. It is often a mistake to make a priori judgments about what parts of a program are really critical, since the universal experience of programmers who have been using measurement tools has been that their intuitive guesses fail. After working with such tools for seven years, I've become convinced that all compilers written from now on should be designed to provide all programmers with feedback indicating what parts of their programs are costing the most; indeed, this feedback should be supplied automatically unless it has been specifically turned off. """

grdbjydcv 2y ago

The “evilness” is just that sometimes if you inline aggressively in a microbenchmark things get faster but in real programs things get slower. As you say: “chances are they are a lot better at it than you”. Infrequently they are not.

EasyMark 2y ago

doesn't the compiler usually do well enough that you really only need to worry about time critical sections of code? Even then you could go in and look at the assembler and see if it's being inlined, no?

usefulcat 2y ago
I find that gcc and clang are so aggressive about inlining that it's usually more effective to tell them what not to inline. In a moderately-sized codebase I regularly work on, I use __attribute__((noinline)) nearly ten times as often as __attribute__((always_inline)). And I use __attribute__((cold)) even more than noinline. So yeah, I can kind of see why someone would say inlining is 'evil', though I think it's more accurate to say that it's just not possible for compilers to figure out these kinds of details without copious hints (like PGO).
- jandrewrogers 2y ago
  +1 on the __attribute__((cold)). Compilers so aggressively optimize based on their heuristics that you spend more time telling them that an apparent optimization opportunity is not actually an optimization. When writing ultra-robust code that has to survive every vaguely plausible contingency in a graceful way, the code is littered with code paths that only exist for astronomically improbable situations. The branch predictor can figure this out but the compiler frequently cannot without explicit instructions to not pollute the i-cache.
somenameforme 2y ago
I find the Unreal Engine source to be a reasonable reference for C++ discussions, because it runs just unbelievably well for what it does, and on a huge array of hardware (and software). And it's explicit with inlining, other hints, and even a million things that could be easily called micro-optimizations, to a somewhat absurd degree. So I'd take away two conclusions from this. The first is that when building a code base you don't necessarily know what it's being compiled with. And so even if there were a super-amazing compiler, there's no guarantee that's what will be compiling your code. Making it explicit, so long as you have a reasonably good idea of what you're doing, is generally just a good idea. It also conveys intent to some degree, especially things like final. The second is that I think the saying 'premature optimization is the root of all evil' is the root of all evil. Because that mindset has gradually transitioned to being against optimization in general outside of the most primitive things like not running critical sections in O(N^2) when they could be O(N). And I think it's this mindset that has gradually brought us to where we are today where need what what would have been a literal supercomputer not that long ago, to run a word processor. It's like death by a thousand cuts, and quite ridiculous.
- moring 2y ago
  > The second is that I think the saying 'premature optimization is the root of all evil' is the root of all evil. The greater evil is putting a one-sentence quote out of context: """ There is no doubt that the grail of efficiency leads to abuse. Programmers waste enormous amounts of time thinking about, or worrying about, the speed of noncritical parts of their programs, and these attempts at efficiency actually have a strong negative impact when debugging and maintenance are considered. We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil. Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%. A good programmer will not be lulled into complacency by such reasoning, he will be wise to look carefully at the critical code; but only after that code has been identified. It is often a mistake to make a priori judgments about what parts of a program are really critical, since the universal experience of programmers who have been using measurement tools has been that their intuitive guesses fail. After working with such tools for seven years, I've become convinced that all compilers written from now on should be designed to provide all programmers with feedback indicating what parts of their programs are costing the most; indeed, this feedback should be supplied automatically unless it has been specifically turned off. """