The article says we can build grid forming inverters, which can solve the reliability issues of highly renewable grids, and used Hawaii as an example of how to

The article says we can build grid forming inverters, which can solve the reliability issues of highly renewable grids, and used Hawaii as an example of how to do this. These inverters are expensive. As a utility I can finance grid upgrades through corporate bonds or, or as you said, with investor money. Bonds need to be paid back in a defined time period, investors expect a ~10%/yr ROE, or else they do flee. As a utility, investments I make are financed through ratepayer funds. The problem has shifted from engineering, to financial, to political. I need to ask my states utility commission for a raise in rates. This hits on affordability issues, poverty etc. Who pays for it? Who benefits? This is determined by state elections.