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#1 motivation for RAG: you want to use the LLM to provide answers about a specific domain. You want to not depend on the LLM's "world knowledge" (what was in it

#1 motivation for RAG: you want to use the LLM to provide answers about a specific domain. You want to not depend on the LLM's "world knowledge" (what was in its training data), either because your domain knowledge is in a private corpus, or because your domain's knowledge has shifted since the LLM was trained. The latest connotation of RAG includes mixing in real-time data from tools or RPC calls. E.g. getting data specific to the user issuing the query (their orders, history etc) and adding that to the context. So will very large context windows (1M tokens!) "kill RAG"? - at the simple end of the app complexity spectrum: when you're spinning up a prototype or your "corpus" is not very large, yes-- you can skip the complexity of RAG and just dump everything into the window. - but there are always more complex use-cases that will want to shape the answer by limiting what they put into the context window. - cost-- filling up a significant fraction of a 1M window is expensive, both in terms of money and latency. So at scale, you'll want to filter out and RAG relevant info rather than indiscriminately dump everything into the window.

recursive4 3y ago
Here's a question you can ask yourself: "where does my context fall within the distribution of human knowledge?" RAG is increasingly necessary as your context moves towards the tail.
gavmor 3y ago
Thanks, this is how I view it, too: there will always be relevant context that was unavailable at training, eg because it didn't exist yet, because it doesn't belong to the trainers, or because it wasn't yet known to be relevant. One of these will remain true until every person has their own pet model which is fine-tuned, on keyup, on all public data and their own personal data. Still, something heinously parametric (like regional weather on some arbitrary date) I struggle to imagine fitting into a transformer. Edit: I can imagine every user getting a LoRA.
2099miles 3y ago
Yeah I say cost is the biggest thing. Why doesn’t everyone just use GPT 4 for everything or Gemini ultra + RAG with all documents in the rag system with the best embedding model Among other things because it’s way too expensive and narrowing your scope cuts huge costs and isn’t hard to do at a high level
- 0x008 3y ago
  There is also the problem that most of the LLMs of today will somehow lose (or ignore) the middle if the context and prefer beginning and/or end.
muratsu 3y ago
In addition to what you’ve shared, I find RAG to be useful for cases where LLM has the world knowledge (say it knows how to write javascript) but I want it to follow a certain style or dependencies (eg use function definitions vs function expressions, newest vs es6, etc). From what I’ve heard, it’s still cheaper/more performant to feed everything into the context than finetune models.
waldrews 3y ago
We're getting large context windows, but so long as pricing is by the input token, the 'throw everything into the context window' path isn't viable. That pricing model, and the context window limits, are a consequence of the quadratic cost of transformers though, and whatever the big context models like Gemini 1.5 are doing must have an (undisclosed) workaround. What needs to happen is a way to cheaply suspend and rehydrate the memory state of the forward pass after you've fed it a lot of tokens. That would be a sort of light-weight/flexible/easily modifiable/versionable/real-time-editable alternative to fine tuning. It's readily doable with the open weights LLM's, but none of them (yet) have the context length to make it really worthwhile (some of the coding LLM's have long context windows, but it doesn't solve the 'knowledge base' scenario). From a hosting perspective, if fine tunes are like VM's, such frozen overlays are like docker containers: many versions can live on the same server, sharing the base model and differing in the overlay layer. (a startup idea? who wants to collaborate on a proof of concept?)
- spencerchubb 3y ago
  When you describe the overlay layer, that sounds similar to the idea of low rank adaptation (LoRA). LoRA is kind of like finetuning, but it doesn't update every parameter, it adds a relatively small number of parameters and finetunes those Am I understanding what you're describing about the VMs and containers analogy?
  - waldrews 3y ago
    Yup. I guess LoRA counts as fine tuning. Except I've never seen inference engines where they actually let you take the base model and the LoRA parameters as separate inputs (maybe it exists and I just haven't seen it). Instead, they bake the LoRA part into the bigger tensors as the final step of the fine tune. That makes sense in terms of making inference faster, but prevents the scenario where a host can just run the base model with any finetune you like, maybe switching them mid-conversation. Instead, if you want to host a fine-tuned model, you take the tensor blob and run a separate instance of the inference program on it. Incidentally, this is the one place where OpenAI and Azure pricing differs; OpenAI just charges you a big per-token premium for fine-tuned 3.5, and Azure charges you for the server to host the custom model. Likewise, the hosts for the open-weights models will charge you more to run your fine-tuned model than a standard model, even though it's the almost the same amount of GPU cycles, just because it needs to run on a separate server that won't be shared by multiple customers; that wouldn't be necessary if overlays were separated. I wouldn't be surprised if GPT-4's rumored mixture of many models does something like this overlay management internally.

recursive4 3y ago

Here's a question you can ask yourself: "where does my context fall within the distribution of human knowledge?" RAG is increasingly necessary as your context moves towards the tail.

gavmor 3y ago

Thanks, this is how I view it, too: there will always be relevant context that was unavailable at training, eg because it didn't exist yet, because it doesn't belong to the trainers, or because it wasn't yet known to be relevant. One of these will remain true until every person has their own pet model which is fine-tuned, on keyup, on all public data and their own personal data. Still, something heinously parametric (like regional weather on some arbitrary date) I struggle to imagine fitting into a transformer. Edit: I can imagine every user getting a LoRA.

2099miles 3y ago

Yeah I say cost is the biggest thing. Why doesn’t everyone just use GPT 4 for everything or Gemini ultra + RAG with all documents in the rag system with the best embedding model Among other things because it’s way too expensive and narrowing your scope cuts huge costs and isn’t hard to do at a high level

0x008 3y ago
There is also the problem that most of the LLMs of today will somehow lose (or ignore) the middle if the context and prefer beginning and/or end.

muratsu 3y ago

In addition to what you’ve shared, I find RAG to be useful for cases where LLM has the world knowledge (say it knows how to write javascript) but I want it to follow a certain style or dependencies (eg use function definitions vs function expressions, newest vs es6, etc). From what I’ve heard, it’s still cheaper/more performant to feed everything into the context than finetune models.

waldrews 3y ago

We're getting large context windows, but so long as pricing is by the input token, the 'throw everything into the context window' path isn't viable. That pricing model, and the context window limits, are a consequence of the quadratic cost of transformers though, and whatever the big context models like Gemini 1.5 are doing must have an (undisclosed) workaround. What needs to happen is a way to cheaply suspend and rehydrate the memory state of the forward pass after you've fed it a lot of tokens. That would be a sort of light-weight/flexible/easily modifiable/versionable/real-time-editable alternative to fine tuning. It's readily doable with the open weights LLM's, but none of them (yet) have the context length to make it really worthwhile (some of the coding LLM's have long context windows, but it doesn't solve the 'knowledge base' scenario). From a hosting perspective, if fine tunes are like VM's, such frozen overlays are like docker containers: many versions can live on the same server, sharing the base model and differing in the overlay layer. (a startup idea? who wants to collaborate on a proof of concept?)

spencerchubb 3y ago
When you describe the overlay layer, that sounds similar to the idea of low rank adaptation (LoRA). LoRA is kind of like finetuning, but it doesn't update every parameter, it adds a relatively small number of parameters and finetunes those Am I understanding what you're describing about the VMs and containers analogy?
- waldrews 3y ago
  Yup. I guess LoRA counts as fine tuning. Except I've never seen inference engines where they actually let you take the base model and the LoRA parameters as separate inputs (maybe it exists and I just haven't seen it). Instead, they bake the LoRA part into the bigger tensors as the final step of the fine tune. That makes sense in terms of making inference faster, but prevents the scenario where a host can just run the base model with any finetune you like, maybe switching them mid-conversation. Instead, if you want to host a fine-tuned model, you take the tensor blob and run a separate instance of the inference program on it. Incidentally, this is the one place where OpenAI and Azure pricing differs; OpenAI just charges you a big per-token premium for fine-tuned 3.5, and Azure charges you for the server to host the custom model. Likewise, the hosts for the open-weights models will charge you more to run your fine-tuned model than a standard model, even though it's the almost the same amount of GPU cycles, just because it needs to run on a separate server that won't be shared by multiple customers; that wouldn't be necessary if overlays were separated. I wouldn't be surprised if GPT-4's rumored mixture of many models does something like this overlay management internally.