Anti semitism is not a core or a common ingredient of what we historically define as fascist governments. Spain under Franco and Portugal under Salazar did not

Anti semitism is not a core or a common ingredient of what we historically define as fascist governments. Spain under Franco and Portugal under Salazar did not persecute Jews, in fact allowed them safe passage from Vichy France. Italy really turned antisemitic after more than a decade with the alliance with Germany to appease Hitler mostly. There's a nice book on the topic, in Italian, "Mussolini Razzista Riluttante" by Antonio Spinosa.