Can't speak to India, but China has an authoritarian government that is fiercely protective of its national interests, which includes all the sectors you listed

Can't speak to India, but China has an authoritarian government that is fiercely protective of its national interests, which includes all the sectors you listed. So the short answer is strict government regulation and oversight of the private sector operating within its borders? China also went from one of the weakest mass transit systems to one of the most extensive in a very short time. How? If your property was in a right of way, it was appropriated (usually with some compensation). Like eminent domain in the US only you don't get to appeal the decision or sue or delay. Then economies of scale took over as they laid track.