I can think of two reasons on how we got here: 1. Expensive drugs are expensive to compete again. Any new entrant will have an uphill climb. They will need a n

I can think of two reasons on how we got here: 1. Expensive drugs are expensive to compete again. Any new entrant will have an uphill climb. They will need a new way to solve the problem, so it doesn’t infringe on the incumbents patents. 2. Drug manufacturing is still a niche business. In many other advanced industries, the tooling has become commoditized leading to a lower bar for entry and increase in competition. Repairing phone displays and soldering memory modules is now possible at home. Pharma is still waiting for that 3D printer/indie moment. I don’t know if it’s even possible - we’re talking about chemicals and amino acids here. Every drug will need a different set of ingredients (not that different from cooking food).