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The Inequality Speech That TED Won't Show You
- lukev 14y agoToo controversial? Really? This is a pretty mainstream point of view, although perhaps not the one in political ascendancy at the moment. Hardly the stuff of censorship. I strongly suspect there was some other reason it wasn't posted.
- rubymaverick 14y agoMy suspicion is that it just wasn't that good. This was given at a TEDx event, not an official TED conference, which means they have no control over the content and are pretty free to not post it. Only a few of the TEDx talks ever make it on the TED.com website. And you are right, this is hardly controversial. You couldn't find a politician who would disagree that a strong middle-class is the backbone of our society.
- Cyranix 14y agoThe sound bite that stuck out most to me was For instance, it is a small step from "job creator" to "The Creator". We did not accidentally choose this language. Weird leaps of logic and data that don't directly support an argument regarding job creation are sufficient reason not to feature this talk (in addition to the partisan rhetoric which is verboten for TED).
- Retric 14y agoWhile the wording could use some work, it is something to think about. When people ask what I do my general response is, "I destroy jobs". I could just as easily say, "I create wealth" or whatnot, but for people stuck in the mindset that job's are created when work needs to be done it's an accurate statement. The reality is, the idea of a 'job creator' is somewhat ridiculous, but the language was chosen for a reason which is worth examining.
- nodata 14y agoApparently it's too partisan: "This idea is an article of faith for republicans _and seldom challenged by democrats_ and has shaped much of today's economic landscape."
- _delirium 14y agoIt does sound like it was at least a vaguely political decision, mixed with image-maintenance PR concerns, if the email excerpts from the related article (http://nationaljournal.com/features/restoration-calls/too-hot-for-ted-income-inequality-20120516 http://nationaljournal.com/features/restoration-calls/too-ho...) are genuine. Fwiw, TED doesn't publish all talks, especially not all TEDx talks, so it's not as if this was singled out to be suppressed. But it sounds like it wasn't selected for publication due to a mixture of: 1) Anderson personally disagreeing with its politics; and 2) TED's attempt to carefully manage its image on anything political, which involves closely planned and timed releases of things like the two "political" videos they did publish, on global-warming and contraception. The main PR mistake TED made, afaict, was to say enough to give an impression that it was political. If it just got lost in the shuffle, like most TEDx talks do (few are posted on ted.com), it'd be one thing, but Anderson arguing against points in the talk, and then giving the impression that it was scheduled and later pulled due to partisanship concerns, created a fiasco where one wouldn't have existed.
- saraid216 14y agoWell, according to the article, Anderson didn't personally disagree with its politics. That's what makes it interesting to me. > "Nick, I personally share your disgust at the growth in inequality in the US, and would love to have found a way to give people a clearer mindset on the issue, without stoking a tedious partisan rehash of all the arguments we hear every day in the mainstream media.
- PaulHoule 14y agoI dunno. The New York Times regularly posts hand-wringing debates between "the usual suspects" on this issues. Everybody in these debates seems to take it for granted that taxing the rich will hurt economic growth, but maybe just maybe there are some benefits to equality that will make up for that. Nobody mentions that an economy has a hypothetical failure mode (like the game of Monopoly) where all of the money ends up in one person's hands -- and then trading stops.
- Symmetry 14y agoNobody mentions that an economy has a hypothetical failure mode (like the game of Monopoly) where all of the money ends up in one person's hands -- and then trading stops. Huh? I'm having a really hard time imagining how this could possibly happen. Does that person not ever need to buy anything? If they don't buy things they're taking that money out of circulation, and if you have a central bank targeting anything (or free banking, or most banking systems humans have tried) the people who can make more money will make more money in order to hit their targets. I'm pretty sure that nobody mentions that because the idea is, well, pretty ridiculous.
- drewrv 14y agoIt's not as ridiculous as you think. Yes that person needs to buy stuff, but not enough stuff to support an entire economy.
- yummyfajitas 14y agoThe single person owns robots who perform every task he desires at a cost lower than human subsistence wages. Of course, even at that point the remaining humans can just form an economy among themselves which the rich man doesn't participate in...
- pjschlic 14y agoSomeone having money doesn't preclude someone else in the economy from CREATING VALUE. Hacker News is a site filled with people who understand that it's possible to create value out of nothing. Your scenario is impossible, but assuming someone acquired all of X currency and refused to let anyone else have any, that currency is effectively nonexistent - currencies are only worth what they can be exchanged for. People would trade using something else.
- nilsbunger 14y agoIt probably isn't the content, but the one-sidedness. Tying loss of the middle class to tax policy is a political statement, and probably not even correct - or at least he didn't give much evidence for it. I happen to agree taxes on the rich should go up, but that's not the point
- btilly 14y agoHe pointed out how falling taxes on the rich correlated with a decline of the middle class. But that could just be coincidence. I could point out that the largest expansion of the US middle class on record happened during the 1950s when the top personal income tax rate was over 90%. But that could just be coincidence as well. I can point out that economic theory says that the economic impact of giving a person a dollar is directly connected to their likelihood of spending it. Since the rich are less likely to spend than the middle class and the poor, taxing them hurts the economy less than taxing anyone else. But once you descend into economic theory, everyone has a theory and an argument and you get a morass that normal people can't make heads or tails of. I could point out that the Republican ideology that less taxes on the rich is always good has exactly no evidence supporting it. That's a very thin amount of evidence for the huge social experiment that we're currently running in this country. But once you descend into politics everyone already has their minds made up, so that's a lost cause. All of which begs the real question; if the proposition is true, what evidence would suffice to actually convince people of it who are not already convinced?
- Drbble 14y agohttp://begthequestion.info http://begthequestion.info
- btilly 14y agoYour pedantry is wrong. Languages are defined by usage, not by some proscriptive description. It is true that "begs the question" is the name of a specific philosophical fallacy that has been discussed for millennia. However in English it is common to say "begs the question" where you mean "raises the question", and therefore that is acceptable usage among native English speakers. (I don't know where that usage came from, at a guess it is a shortened version of the phrase "begs us to ask the question". Anyways it is common usage.) Now did you have a comment on the actual content of what I said?
- cullen 14y agoSigh... This thread, again?
- _delirium 14y agoI had missed the previous one; for anyone else likewise having done so, here it is: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3983598 http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3983598
- Duff 14y agoI've seen a few mentions about this fairly inane speech -- smells like PR/astroturfing to me. Frankly, whenever I hear the phrase "job creation" I tune out immediately, because I know that nothing intelligent will follow that phrase ever. People hire people to do things when they have work to do. You "create jobs" by increasing economic activity. The problem is, business these days is all about consolidation and labor arbitrage.
- nooop 14y agoYou can't just declare a speech insane without a good reason, especially if it more or less agrees with what you state just next... Edit: although i don't know how to read (insane vs. inane), this does not fundamentally changes anything in context...
- bitdiffusion 14y agoinane != insane
- dsrguru 14y agoDuff said inane, not insane.
- mjwalshe 14y agoBuy a dictionary :-)
- mjwalshe 14y agoRealy Guys I give the poster who did not know the diference bwtween inane and insane - some valid feedback instead if insulting his lack of knowledge of english and I get voted down?
- ryanmolden 14y agoPerhaps he simply misread, it happens. To assume he doesn't know the difference and then suggest he "buy a dictionary" is a tad bit rude, which may account for the downvotes.
- Irishsteve 14y agoNot particularly interesting. Just someones opinion, the masses won't push for any major change around any possible wealth divide (if it exists or not). No one goes for extremes
- jsmcgd 14y ago>That's why I can say with confidence that rich people don't create jobs, nor do businesses, large or small. This argument only considers half of the problem. Yes consumers are needed to create jobs but what is needed to create consumers? Jobs. You can't be a consumer without an income, and for the vast majority of people, you don't have an income unless you have a job. Therefore for failing to acknowledge this fundamental, very simple and might I say, quite obvious fact, I think it's fair to say Nick Hanauer's reasoning is at best weak, and at worst disingenuous. It makes one wonder what his motivations really are. Attention seeking contrariness? A desire to ingratiate himself with the 99%?
- nooop 14y agoYet you just made no argument for why his arguments are weak, while yours are: jobs create consumers and consumers create jobs, but in your equation absurdly rich people and increasing inequality does not seem to be needed...
- jsmcgd 14y agoMy very first sentence explains why I think his argument is weak. I agree, I have stated no position on the absurdly rich and increasing inequality. I think it is unnecessary to stray into this area in order to prove or disprove whether businesses or the wealthy create jobs. Either a business or a wealthy person can or cannot create a job regardless of the taxation laws du jour. He has categorically stated that they cannot. I think this is totally incorrect.
- roc 14y ago> "He has categorically stated that they cannot." No, he stated that they do not. Businesses don't hire employees they don't need. They can, but if they try it at any appreciable scale relative to their business, they will go out of business. It's not about what can happen. It's about what does happen. And what does happen, is that employers hire employees when they need them. Not just because they've made money, nor just because they got to keep more of the money they make via changes in taxation. They could. But they don't. There's decades of data and research on this. It's not really debatable. Tax cuts do not translate into jobs. It's never happened. The increase in wealth of the wealthy does not translate into jobs. It's never happened. Consumer demand and business expansion to meet that demand, does translate into jobs. It always happens. The question is how, or even whether you should try, to stimulate consumer demand when unemployment is high. (And the follow-on: what problems does that (in)action create)
- joska 14y agoJust political speech, not science at all.Science starts with facts and the fact is, the rich pay mearly all US taxes, the poor pay nearly nothing at all. Thus sugesting otherwise is very poos science.
- bballdeo 14y agoyesterday's comment thread on reddit pretty much covered this: http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/tqi15/too_hot_for_ted_income_inequality_teds_organizers/ http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/tqi15/too_hot_for_... basically, this talk is mostly partisan and not supported by a lot of data. this TEDtalk, on the other hand, is: http://blog.ted.com/2011/10/24/how-economic-inequality-harms-societies-richard-wilkinson-on-ted-com/ http://blog.ted.com/2011/10/24/how-economic-inequality-harms...
- timtadh 14y agoFrom the reddit thread (which I just read through) a TED organiser responds http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/tqi15/too_hot_for_ted_income_inequality_teds_organizers/c4p0ll4 http://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/tqi15/too_hot_for_... "TEDChris 21 points 9 hours ago Chiming in here, as TED's Curator.. First of all, thanks for all the attention. Glad you guys care. We do too. Income inequality is a huge issue. Most of us here at TED are pretty passionate about it. The trouble with this talk is that it tackled the issue in a way that was explicitly partisan, framing it as a critique of "an article of faith" for Republicans. TED is avowedly non-partisan. We want to share ideas in a way that brings people together, doesn't throw sand in their faces. We release one talk a day on our home page, and that talk is pretty much guaranteed 50,000-100,000 views within 24 hours. Every day there are numerous amazing talks competing for that slot. We have to make the best call we can. Talks that aren't selected aren't being censored, any more than the NYT (or Reddit) is censoring a story it decides isn't appropriate for its home page. The text from this particular talk is already out there. You can make your own judgement. Thanks, and let the discussion continue. We're listening. "
- davidhollander 14y agoFalse dilemma fallacy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma You can't attribute the existence of "jobs" exclusively to "businesses" or exclusively to "consumers", because "trade" definitionally requires the existence of two parties.
- TDL 14y agoThank you. It always irritates me when complex (or at least somewhat complex) issues are boiled down to simplistic notions.
- rhizome 14y agoYet taxes on the rich are indeed cut in real life via this exact rationale.
- powrtoch 14y agoI don't think this is the issue addressed in the talk though. The question he was responding to was "does having lower taxes on the rich create jobs?". He argues that it does not, but that lowering taxes on the lower and middle class probably would. It's not about putting all the blame on one side or the other, it's about the factual question of whether a particular policy improves or worsens the job situation.
- davidhollander 14y agoHe argues that position by repeatedly making the assertion that consumers create jobs and businesses do not: > only consumers can set in motion this virtuous cycle of increasing demand and hiring. >the true job creators are consumers It's a tad nonsensical, all economic exchanges definitionally require the existence of two parties to occur, both parties are essential regardless of the good or service being traded. One can easily take the opposite position to the speaker, that production precedes consumption, because in the state of nature man must first produce and labor for his or her own survival before surplus exists with which to trade. Either way, it's not a sufficient basis for asserting normative proposals in regards to tax policy.
- einhverfr 14y agoI won't nitpick the astronomy bits, but I would like to add something historical to the discussion. In "The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples," Herwig Wolfram asks the question of why the Eastern Roman Empire outlasted the Western Roman Empire by so long. The answer he comes up with is that the Western Empire had much greater concentration of wealth in the hands of the senatorial class. This meant that it was hard to collect taxes to pay for things like an army, and at the time of the invasions of the Goths and Franks, the Eastern Empire was collecting three times in taxes what the Western Empire was collecting, and thus spending more on their army than the Western Empire was collecting in taxes. Without sufficient tax revenues he military machine could not sustain itself, and when three senatorial households had a budgets that combined equalled the entire tax revenue of the Western Empire these super-wealthy were just too politically powerful to tax. Wolfram also suggests that this is what doomed Ostrogothic Italy when they fought the Byzantines.
- nilsbunger 14y agoThe shrinking of the middle class is something we should all be concerned about. But it isn't caused by tax policy: outsourcing and automation of traditional "middle class" jobs are a much bigger force. We really need to figure out what the middle-class jobs of the future look like. What is above menial service job like retail, and below specialized trades like software? Even people with college degrees struggle to get into the middle class these days. That should scare us all. I have no answers to this, but I'm pretty sure tax policy isn't going to fix it, nor would protectionism.
- danielweber 14y agoEconomists know a lot about how to create wealth. They know very little about creating jobs. Jobs are temporary inefficiencies and a lot of economic growth comes when you get rid of them. We've automated most of our farming, but we don't have 90% unemployment because all the farm jobs went away. One thing is how fast technology grows related to how fast workers can adapt. 'Race Against The Machine' is a thesis that technology is now growing so fast workers can't keep up. I don't know if I buy it, but it's something to keep in mind.
- andrewla 14y agoI don't know if your statement about economists is intending to be a factual statement of economists' view of the state of economic science, or your opinion on what modern economic theories are good at. It's not clear to me personally, to be frank, that economics know a lot about how to create wealth either. That said, this is not an acknowledged weakness -- Keynes' magnum opus was The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which spells out in great detail how these things are related. The core of this theory is still widely held in economic circles, which is why the mandate of the Federal Reserve keeps shifting from "controlling inflation" to "maximizing employment" -- because this is thought to be something that is controllable through manipulation of interest and money.
- twoodfin 14y agoThe shrinking of the middle class is something we should all be concerned about. What's the evidence that the middle class has really shrunk? There's certainly evidence that the very highest incomes have climbed substantially since, say, 1980, but can you find numbers that suggest that there are fewer households making at least middle class incomes? Here's a good bit from a guy at Brookings earlier this year: http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/288306/guest-post-scott-winship-obama-administrations-questionable-mobility-claims-reihan-sal http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/288306/guest-post-scott... Krueger’s claim of a shrinking middle class relies on the same peculiar definition. Specifically, “middle class” is defined as having a household income at least half of median income but no more than 1.5 times the median. I re-ran the numbers using the same definition and data source as Krueger and found that the entire reason the middle class has “shrunk” is that more households today have incomes that put them above middle class. That’s right, the share of households with income that puts them in the middle class or higher was 76 percent in 1970 and 75 percent in 2010—two figures that are statistically indistinguishable.
- neuro 14y agoAmericans tax payers are a trampoline for globalizing these corporations through subsidizing their R&D, bailing them out and soldiering their resources abroad. These corporations have global consumers now, the health of the American consumer isn’t a priority.
- grandalf 14y agoThe problem with this argument is that job creation most definitely should not be the goal of any policy. To illustrate how silly it is to make job creation the goal, let me share with you a very simple policy that would eliminate unemployment: Outlaw grain combines. Without grain combines, hundreds of thousands of workers would be needed to pick things like wheat, corn, etc. If you look at economic issues with the idea that employment is a goal, then you are bound to arrive at policies that move in the direction of this absurd idea. Job creation != economic growth.
- leot 14y agoHow about the creation of good jobs?
- danielweber 14y agoThat's probably worse. A worker whose labor is worth $10 an hour is not going to benefit from a bunch of jobs that are priced at $40 an hour.
- patdennis 14y agoThe value of labor isn't inherent, it's determined by the market. Ditch digging is worth less than programming in the market only because there are more ditch diggers than programmers. If you can afford to educate people to the point where they have the choice to do something beyond digging ditches, the value of ditch digging labor rises to more accurately reflect how difficult the work is. Hard labor is only worth $10 an hour when a society is unable to provide enough opportunity. Edit: What I'm trying to say is that laborers will benefit from the higher paying jobs, but only if a society can provide enough educational opportunity that it will shrink the number of people who have to do the labor. Social mobility is the key.
- grandalf 14y agoWhile social mobility is important, look at the speed at which the economy transitions. There are tremendous costs imposed by corporate/social welfare programs that prop up industries... they insulate workers from economic reality for a while and then suddenly reality catches up. We define ourselves by our training, our job, and we expect the economy to stand still and allow us to continue doing something we were trained to do decades ago... all the way until retirement. We feel indignation when a job goes away, and we feel that it's appropriate to be proud of skills that the economy no longer needs. This is absurd. Learn something new. Society provides plenty of opportunity, the problem is that people have unrealistic expectations of what amount of effort ought to result in a particular standard of living and a particular level of job security.
- sathishmanohar 14y agoIf less taxes for rich should create more jobs, then, why is there more unemployment than ever, while we have lesser tax for rich than ever? I can't understand what is wrong with this question? Its based of real world data, right?
- danielweber 14y agoThe short answer is that "making jobs" is a complete mystery to most economists. Aside from the government directly hiring people to bury jars full of money, no one knows how to make it happen. It doesn't stop politicians of all stripes from pretending that they have the magic answer, and that the politicians from the other party are a bunch of nincompoops.
- RyanMcGreal 14y agoFrom Chris Anderson's justification for not publishing it: > But even if the talk was rated a home run, we couldn't release it, because it would be unquestionably regarded as out and out political. We're in the middle of an election year in the US. Your argument comes down firmly on the side of one party. So now it's unfairly partisan to point out that the evidence supports one party's position but not the other's? Really? What on earth is the point of taking an evidence-based approach to public policy issues, if not to draw conclusions about which public policies we should support?
- jberryman 14y ago> So now it's unfairly partisan to point out that the evidence supports one party's position but not the other's? I come down way on the side of Hanauer in this debate, and agree with your point above, in general. But my reading of the speech was that it was a partisan fluff piece. If you asked any number of my liberal college-educated friends to vamp for three minutes on the subject of "the wealthy as job-creators and drivers of economic growth" and then gave it a quick edit you'd get something comparable. The only difference being Hanauer makes a fallacious argument from authority (although I think his opinion is correct).
- OzzyB 14y agoThis is what saddens me the most. We are no longer able to have any real discusion about anything anymore because pretty much everything can be stuffed into a "partisan" pigeonhole. -- Shrinking Middle Class == Partisan -- Failing Healthcare System == Partisan -- War on Women's Rights == Partisan Now, on the face of it, sure, any of these topics can be construed as "partisan", but I had hoped, especially with outfits like TED, that we could get beyond that and focus on the "grey areas", the "parts in the middle", and try to have an honest intellectual debate. But we're not allowed that anymore, even Intellectualism is partisan now since it's "so Elitist". Welcome to the era of Politically Correct Stagnant Decline.
- shantanubala 14y agoThere's also something to be said about the novelty of the information that is presented. TED is about exciting ideas (or at least, that's what I understand them to be). From the talk: "In a capitalist economy, the true job creators are consumers, the middle class. And taxing the rich to make investments that grow the middle class, is the single smartest thing we can do for the middle class, the poor and the rich." That is his "exciting idea" -- something that pretty much anyone who is interested in tax reform has heard before. There was nothing groundbreaking about it, no new information, and certainly no unique solution to the problem. It was literally a reiteration of political talking points that have existed for a very long time, which to be frank, is not very interesting. I even remember Mark Cuban blogging about this very same topic a few months ago, and this is an idea that isn't particularly unique. Still, since he was invited to speak, I think his video should be part of TED's web site, but saying that he was bringing any new discussion to the table is quite generous. Instead of implying that its motivations were political, TED could have simply said this: "The talk was interesting, but we had other talks we wanted to feature first." Boom. Done. No PR headaches. I think this is a more generous summary of Anderson's intentions from the article: "Nick, I personally share your disgust at the growth in inequality in the US, and would love to have found a way to give people a clearer mindset on the issue, without stoking a tedious partisan rehash of all the arguments we hear every day in the mainstream media." The talk didn't present anything new, so it doesn't need to be featured.
- marknutter 14y agoWell, for those who agree with the talk's sentiment, it having not made the cut is probably the best thing that could have happened to it. Now it will reach way more people under the false assumption that it was "censored".
- seanp2k2 14y agoGee, you mean to say that what we've been doing is the wrong thing? Funny, because all the rich greedy people seem to be loving it. Greed will be the downfall of western civilization. This message will not reach those with the power to fix it. It's their death, they know it, and they're just in a race to bleed the USA out and run. Or maybe I'm giving rich people too much credit and they're really just greedy idiots who don't see the consequences of their actions. In any case, we're screwed.
- azylman 14y agoThis is the most important part of the talk: "I have started or helped start, dozens of businesses and initially hired lots of people. But if no one could have afforded to buy what we had to sell, my businesses would all have failed and all those jobs would have evaporated." This is what some people fail to understand and it boggles my mind.
- anigbrowl 14y agoTo which the standard debate-derailing answer is 'raise taxes, and nobody will be able to buy private goods, therefore more taxes are bad.' A great many tax objectors have convinced themselves that they are already groaning under a massive tax burden. I agree with them in one respect: there are too many taxes, fees, levies etc. People overestimate the amount of tax tax they pay in many cases, but they see so many government charges (whether federal, state or local) that they feel they're being nickel-and-dimed to death.
- marshray 14y agoWhat does it even mean to say "creating jobs"? A 'job' is something that you 'do', in this context, for a wage. So to "create a job" is to cause a need for something to be done, e.g. breaking a window "creates a job". So we don't want to "create jobs"! There are certainly lots of people right now who are looking for gainful employment. Let's reframe the problem in terms of figuring out how to get them doing stuff that actually needs doing. I think that means creating things of lasting value, not just throwing money around to stimulate ourselves.
- dudeguy999 14y agoI was under the impression that the rich pay a much greater share of income tax than when their rates were higher. Can someone check me on this?
- jtbigwoo 14y agoTechnically that's correct, but it's a red herring. The top 1% currently take a little over 20% of the total income in the country and pay about 40% of federal income taxes. From the end of WW II to the 1980's, the top 1% took between about 8% and 12% of the total income in the country and their share of the tax burden was lower. The federal tax base was also much wider since there were far fewer tax credits available to average people and there weren't any common refundable tax credits.
- nextparadigms 14y ago"So here's an idea worth spreading. In a capitalist economy, the true job creators are consumers, the middle class. And taxing the rich to make investments that grow the middle class, is the single smartest thing we can do for the middle class, the poor and the rich." Not saying I disagree, but I remember a few years ago when the economy was booming all over the world, there was this discussion about how bad "consumerism" is for our societies. So which is it then? Is consumerism a bad thing because it makes us buy all sorts of dumb things, or is it good because it enriches everyone? Or is there another alternative?
- Travis 14y agoI think it's a bit nuanced. Consumerism, from an economic perspective, can be a fast, efficient driver of economic growth. However, it often isn't sustainable growth (not just ecologically -- the American "Manifest Destiny" growth wasn't sustainable because explorers hit the Pacific and ran out of land). In addition to the lack of sustainability (adding back in the ecological issues), consumerism seems to drive a general cultural malaise wherein the people try to find meaning by buying crap, rather than living fulfilling lives. IMO, consumerism is detrimental in the long run to people's mental health and the environment (and it's not sustainable); however, it has been shown to be a solid driver of economic growth.
- grampajoe 14y agoTED can't show this because they're supported by advertisers, which means they'll never really be free to spread ideas if they go against the will of these companies: http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/sponsors.php http://conferences.ted.com/TED2012/sponsors.php
- penetrator 14y agotime for an OpenTED
- febeling 14y agoChris Anderson just tweeted this link to a blog post explaining the story from his side. The taped talk is linked from there. http://bit.ly/KU2Rmu http://bit.ly/KU2Rmu