> One way of mitigating this is providing the same services outside of a hospital- for example the cardiologists leaving the hospital and starting a private pra

> One way of mitigating this is providing the same services outside of a hospital- for example the cardiologists leaving the hospital and starting a private practice Bad idea. If anything, what you need in a hospital is short paths to transfer people from one specialist department to another (or, should the patient be too unstable to transport, to call up the specialists to get down to ER), and you need integrated IT systems to not waste time with data transfer.