I use restriction enzymes + ligase to cut DNA, then paste it back together at specific sequences. It's pretty simple honestly! https://www.khanacademy.org/scien

I use restriction enzymes + ligase to cut DNA, then paste it back together at specific sequences. It's pretty simple honestly! https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/biotechnology/a/overview-dna-cloning https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expressi... The key is doing that at an industrial scale, reproducibly, with hundreds to thousands of plasmids at once. Becomes less simple. You encounter bullshit problems with biology, which I guess is valuable because it makes a moat!