This seems unironically the best answer. There are a lot of laws that are seemingly universal like patents, copyright, privacy (right to your own likeness etc)

This seems unironically the best answer. There are a lot of laws that are seemingly universal like patents, copyright, privacy (right to your own likeness etc) but the details can vary widely internationally and even between EU countries. As an example: it's infamously prohibited to commercially publish photographs taken of the Eiffel tower at night because the light installation from 1990 onward is protected by copyright law as a work of art (as is the glass pyramid of the Louvre btw). HOWEVER it's legal to take and use pictures of permanetly publicly displayed works of art in some European countries like Austria, Germany and Switzerland ("Panoramafreiheit"). So you could sell post cards of unlicensed photographs of the Eiffel tower lights in those countries but not France. But if you commercially use them on a Germany-based website available in French you might still get sued from France. Here's a German map of this specific law across Europe to illustrate the point. You don't have to speak German to understand that the laws vary wildly despite all being based in copyright: https://www.parismalanders.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Panoramafreiheit-Europa.jpg https://www.parismalanders.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Pa... It's easy to see how one could argue that using copyrighted data as "training material" for a commercial LLM is commercial use. It's also easy to see how one could argue that this is not "reproduction" of significant portions of the copyrighted work and therefore copyright law does not apply. But it's also easy to see how one could argue that this still qualifies as "citation" the way Google regurgitates snippets from news sites and is thus covered by the "citation" provision for protecting newspapers. But it's also easy to see how one could argue that's not the case. Different jurisdictions will interpret these things differently.