I agree about PGBouncer. You absolutely want persistent connections, though: establishing a TLS connection is comparatively costly and you don't want to pay it

I agree about PGBouncer. You absolutely want persistent connections, though: establishing a TLS connection is comparatively costly and you don't want to pay it more than you need to. It's been maybe 15 years since I've waited for a vacuum to finish outside of me doing a `VACUUM FULL` on an offline copy as an experiment. It's had subtransactions for years. It has an exception clause so you can catch errors and roll back. In the absence of explicit exception handling, it must roll back a transaction instead of committing who-knows-what to disk. That's the whole point of transactions.