To add further: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vignettes/diversity-vegan.pdf https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vignettes/dive... Veg

To add further: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vignettes/diversity-vegan.pdf https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vignettes/dive... Vegan package is very much into methods to assess diversity in ecologies. Beta diversity is one metric for examining diversity, define as the ratio between regional and local species diversity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_diversity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_diversity