Helplessness as an explanation checks out there as well. Hunkering down in a trench or a foxhole as shells rain down endlessly, blowing up everything around you

Helplessness as an explanation checks out there as well. Hunkering down in a trench or a foxhole as shells rain down endlessly, blowing up everything around you. Sounds like one of the most powerful ways to inflict abject helplessness. Compare that to the ancient battlefield where you had a spear in hand and your friends at your side. You’d have a lot more sense of agency and if things looked really bad you could run away or surrender. Of course if your opponent was rounding up and executing all of the prisoners then you would feel pretty helpless waiting for your turn, but then you wouldn’t live to tell the tale of your trauma.