The big shift has been to Single Page Applications (SPA) either indirectly using a framekwork like React, or Angular or using the Javascript fetch() directly. S

The big shift has been to Single Page Applications (SPA) either indirectly using a framekwork like React, or Angular or using the Javascript fetch() directly. So this also means that links (within your website/application) go away. This avoids page reloads, and it feels more like a desktop application. The foundation is modern Javascript, another big new concept is async/await, combined with the fetch() calls so the entire screen doesn't lock up while your'e waiting for it to return The other big shift is using CSS framekworks. Big ones now are Bootstrap and Tailwind. I'm actually working on making a video with a live coding experiment making a small social networking site with some modern practices. But some people still persist in doing the old way - e.g. Wikipedia. And Hacker News isn't an SPA from what I understand Also, the "old way" has started to make a comeback with Server Side Rendering, as the compiled Javascript files using frameworks can get up to several megabytes and its taking too long to load the site.