> For example, there are currently a variety of sanctions against the Russian and Iranian petroleum industries. So, they sell at a slight discount to neutral co

> For example, there are currently a variety of sanctions against the Russian and Iranian petroleum industries. So, they sell at a slight discount to neutral countries such as India which then re-export the "clean" oil. At least for Russian petroleum stuff, it's not as easy. The existing pipeline networks from the oil and gas fields are mostly focused on delivering to Europe due to history (everything east of the former GDR was supplied with gas and oil from Russia), and that is coming to an end rather sooner than later as Germany is building up import capacity from the North Sea and Croatia from the Mediterranean (a new LNG terminal on Krk and the existing oil infrastructure on Omisalj), as well as Ukraine planning to end oil transit in 2025. Alternative transportation capacity is very very scarce as there are barely any pipelines and Russia doesn't have accessible sea ports in abundance.