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You can use qemu for pure userspace emulation, without passing /dev/kvm. It'll be slow. Probably unusable for Windows. However I used this kind of emulation to

You can use qemu for pure userspace emulation, without passing /dev/kvm. It'll be slow. Probably unusable for Windows. However I used this kind of emulation to build images with qemu from arm host and it worked OK, like few minutes to boot from Linux image, install some packages, run some commands and shutdown. Docker is actually great for that kind of applications, because you can run it everywhere: Mac, Windows with one single-line. The only problem is that it's not very convenient to use docker images just as file containers, but it works.

NexRebular 3y ago
Docker is actually not that great because you can't run it everywhere. BSD and illumos have no native docker support for example.
k8svet 3y ago
Docker is literally doing nothing there but getting you a qemu binary. There are countless better, more efficient ways to do that. Namely nix. If "running a VM" is somehow simpler with docker, you should really think about what Docker is supposedly doing for you.