Nobody said "Javascript is the pinacle". But it is extremely difficult to create standards that multiple companies can agree on and want to spend huge efforts t

Nobody said "Javascript is the pinacle". But it is extremely difficult to create standards that multiple companies can agree on and want to spend huge efforts to implement and continue to refine for 30+ years. Microsoft tried to make VBScript happen, but nobody else making browsers would ever support it, so it died. And I'm glad it did, because it let everyone focus on Javascript and improving it, hardening it as an attack vector, and creating a huge variety of tooling for every kind of project. Web browsers that don't use HTML, JS, and CSS simply wouldn't be web browsers, that would be something else entirely. And anyone is free to try to make that application using any tech they want, but it won't be widely adopted or supported the way HTML, JS and CSS are.