If the point is to list SF stories where a mathematical idea (broadly construed) or a mathematician plays a central role, the following immediately come to mind

If the point is to list SF stories where a mathematical idea (broadly construed) or a mathematician plays a central role, the following immediately come to mind (for me): Asimov's Foundation, Ted Chiang's "Story of Your Life," and HG Wells's "The Star." (Latter two are not exactly book-length, but I really liked them...)