The paper covers multiple blood doping method from transfusion, epo drugs, and gene transfer. The interesting one is blood transfusion. The paper suggests tha

The paper covers multiple blood doping method from transfusion, epo drugs, and gene transfer. The interesting one is blood transfusion. The paper suggests that measuring certain antibody levels (change from baseline) can detect allogenic blood transfusion (blood from other individuals). But for autologous blood transfer (removing blood, allowing the body to replace the blood cells, then injecting blood back to boost levels above normal) is impossible to detect. CO rebreathing measurements could be used but aren’t validated. However, sports regulations have a max Hb cutoff so raising levels beyond a “high-normal” would disqualify you anyways. The only option is to raise levels if your normal Hb level is middle to low in the normal range.