"Periodontal disease (PD), or periodontitis, is an oral inflammatory disease caused by the host’s immunological response to periodontal pathogens [10]. PD is a

"Periodontal disease (PD), or periodontitis, is an oral inflammatory disease caused by the host’s immunological response to periodontal pathogens [10]. PD is a significant public health burden with a high prevalence among adults. 42% of US adults aged 30 or older have periodontitis, with 7.8% having severe forms of the disease. Periodontitis prevalence increases with age, affecting more than 59% of adults over 65 [11, 12]. Chronic PD is a slow, progressive, irreversible degradation of the tooth-supporting apparatus (periodontium), leading to tooth loss. [13, 14]. PD is initiated by dysbiosis of the microbiome of the oral cavity and results in local inflammation, eventually contributing to chronic systemic inflammation [10, 15]. Periodontitis is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory processes through circulating mediators or direct access of the oral microbes to the CNS via systemic circulation [16,17,18]."