And for an example of the practical limits of @overload, take a look at the Pandas type hints: https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/blob/dc5586baa9e47318051ce31

And for an example of the practical limits of @overload, take a look at the Pandas type hints: https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/blob/dc5586baa9e47318051ce311b4f4da765e632490/pandas/_typing.py https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/blob/dc5586baa9e4731805... Meanwhile it's not even possible to express such things in other static type systems. So I'm not exactly an unhappy customer, but it does put certain things tantalizingly close, but still out of reach without a ton of clunky boilerplate and LoC explosion.