(+20ns x # calls made) can be significant if you’re dealing with billions of executions though. If nothing else a search/replace for “dict()” to “{}” could yie

(+20ns x # calls made) can be significant if you’re dealing with billions of executions though. If nothing else a search/replace for “dict()” to “{}” could yield an aggregate performance bump with basically zero refactoring cost. Also re Python in general: love it or hate it, it “won” as the language of ML. If you want to use ML libraries you’ll be in python.