The alternatives to London are Paris (the closest competition as a city qua city), Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Dublin, and I believe they specialize differently.

The alternatives to London are Paris (the closest competition as a city qua city), Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Dublin, and I believe they specialize differently. When I buy EUR-denominated ETFs, they're almost invariably listed in Dublin with IE ISINs. Euronext stock exchange, the largest stock exchange in the EU, is in Amsterdam (domiciled - it's got multiple market places). For financial services, Frankfurt just overtook Paris[1] but they're pretty close. [1] https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/10/21/europes-top-financial-centres-wheres-best-to-do-business https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/10/21/europes-top-fin...