It was like this in American cities, too, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1]. Yet immigrants still had high fertility rates, although they were d

It was like this in American cities, too, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1]. Yet immigrants still had high fertility rates, although they were declining by then [2]. That second link is a paper that focuses on the Irish immigrant fertility rate. [1]: https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/tenements https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/tenements [2]: http://www.econ.yale.edu//growth_pdf/cdp848.pdf http://www.econ.yale.edu//growth_pdf/cdp848.pdf