>did they use violins? Guitars? Piano? These instruments are different enough to lead to different hypotheses. Also similar enough to where they all have a bol

>did they use violins? Guitars? Piano? These instruments are different enough to lead to different hypotheses. Also similar enough to where they all have a bolder sound and somewhat different response when the same gage of strings are tuned more tightly to a higher standard pitch compared to a lower pitch. From what I understand 440 was about the highest they could go on vintage violins once modern steel strings were invented. Different musical compositions do reach different characteristic "high notes" so it must be accepted that very old works were originally played (and sung!) at noticeably lower ultimate frequencies than the same legendary pieces today. Tension makes a huge difference but I still think heart rate in particular would be more tempo-responsive. Now with the modern world standardized on 440 for so many people's lifetimes everyone gets accustomed to it after a while. A bandleader who transposes everything down a half-step so they don't have to sing as high is not any different pitch than tuning to A=415.3 which is the relative frequency for G#. Either way you're playing notes that are still directly relative to A=440. The thing here is that most traditional and pop music is played in natural keys rather than sharp or flat keys, and generations of listeners become accustomed to hearing natural notes act as tonics rather than sharps or flats. But it still sounds completely normal and most people never notice. Because out of all the infinite frequencies there are to choose from as a standard that are close to 440, at A=415.3 you're still only playing the same 12 exact carefully selected frequencies as everybody else tuned to A=440. The same 12 frequencies that have bombarded all consumers from all directions from any source of curated music for generations, to the near-exclusion of all other frequencies. When you think about it. And 415.3 is a lot further away from 440 than 432 is, but if you tune to A=432 every sjngle note you play is one that almost nobody has been hearing on the radio, probably since there has been radio.