The lengthy quotes that are the bulk of the article are from the much more verbose source the author linked to: https://journals.ala.org/index.php/dttp/article

The lengthy quotes that are the bulk of the article are from the much more verbose source the author linked to: https://journals.ala.org/index.php/dttp/article/view/6655/8939 https://journals.ala.org/index.php/dttp/article/view/6655/89... That piece explains that at Ellis they didn't assign names to anyone, they just checked that the people matched the manifests the ships were legally required to have or passengers would need to be returned. Steerage Act of 1819: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steerage_Act_of_1819 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steerage_Act_of_1819