> More than 50 cycles of laundry were carried out using a standard household washing machine (Amana, USA). The light-emitting pixels were put into a water-perme

> More than 50 cycles of laundry were carried out using a standard household washing machine (Amana, USA). The light-emitting pixels were put into a water-permeable protective sack. Each laundry cycle was conducted using 10 ml of commercial liquid detergent (Tide, USA) at an auto-sensing mode with a duration of approximately 45 min, which included spinning, rinsing, and spin-drying. After each washing process, the light-emitting pixels were dried for at least 30 min using an air conditioning heater (PTAC, Amana, USA) at 26.7°C. In the machine washability tests, a standard “Amana” household washing machine was used, a methodology corroborated by numerous reputable studies (7, 36–38). The significance of international standards such as AATCC LP1-2021 or ISO 105-C06 is recognized, and their incorporation is anticipated for future evaluations to ensure improved reproducibility and validation.