Since inferring causality is hard, we look for counterexamples that disprove it. Hence the reliance on randomization and the null hypothesis. A counterexample

Since inferring causality is hard, we look for counterexamples that disprove it. Hence the reliance on randomization and the null hypothesis. A counterexample in social sciences might be that the corresponding relationship is found across methodologies and cultures. This turns a question of causal inference into questioning the power of overturning longitudinal data. Statisticians differ about the philosophy on that.