There are a couple options for working around this. Lazy evaluation is indeed one option (e.g. Kap[0] uses it). Another clear option is loop-fusing the entire b

There are a couple options for working around this. Lazy evaluation is indeed one option (e.g. Kap[0] uses it). Another clear option is loop-fusing the entire body together such that there are no temporary arrays. Then there's the slightly simpler option of splitting the operation in chunks of a couple dozen kilobytes of input/output arrays such that unnecessary temporary memory usage is bounded; as far as I know no array language does this, but I hope to one day do something like this for CBQN. And this is even a thing that a user can manually do in an array language (and indeed often have to for maximizing perf). [0]: https://aplwiki.com/wiki/KAP https://aplwiki.com/wiki/KAP