3 ms·

It's a complex topic. Depending on the design, lubrication may be required or forbidden. And if it's required, it should normally be on the threads only, under

It's a complex topic. Depending on the design, lubrication may be required or forbidden. And if it's required, it should normally be on the threads only, under the head is usually forbidden. And it's very important to understand that in most mechanical design with fasteners, the fasteners provide tension, and friction between 2 faces actually carries the load. Too little tension then fasteners can be sheared off. Too much, then the fasteners may not have remaining strength available for loads that act to add tension to the fasteners. Using a torque wrench to reach target tension is normally only about +/-30% accurate. Usually design margin allows for this but in very critical applications where margin is not feasible, calibration is done on a sample of the same materials, etc, or a more direct measurement done. More direct measurement can mean hollow fasteners that allow you to measure the amount of stretch, use of ultrasonic measurement to measure stretch, washers with integrated strain gauges, or cleverly designed "tension indicating" washers or fasteners. There are many types so I just those keywords for anyone interested. I am not saying that this design required such complex methods and sizing these fasteners should not be difficult. There is probably a mistake or lack of control in the assembly process.

jacquesm 3y ago
Lots of good stuff in this comment but I'm confused about the +/- 30% accuracy quote, in my experience it is relatively easy to reach sub 10% accuracy based on comparing different (good quality) torque wrenches against each other and against a calibrated one. Is there something I am missing here?
- brettnak 3y ago
  The desire of fastener tension is clamping force or fastener stretch in some cases, not fastener torque. I think what the parent is saying is that a perfectly torqued fastener is only about 30% accurate in terms of clamping force.
- nkurz 3y ago
  I presume his point is that you are measuring torque (potentially very accurately) but what you actually care about is tension. It's the variable factors affecting the relationship between torque and tension that results in most of the +/- 30% accuracy in tension, not the measurement of the torque.
- johnwalkr 3y ago
  It's easy to calibrate torque wrenches to +/-5% of each other for _torque_. Calibrating a torque value to _tension_ of a fastener depends not only on the accuracy of the tool, but on materials, lubrication, temperature, process, etc. +/- 30% actually depends on having a good process. This only accounts for variations in tolerance, surface finish, etc. If you add lubricant under the fastener head when you are not supposed to, you can easily reach +50 or +100% tension.
  - jacquesm 3y ago
    Ah, I see your point now, I thought you meant it to be a direct cause of the torque wrenches themselves to be off. That makes good sense and aligns with my experience. After manufacturing tension tends to drop over time so starting off with a '+' may not be entirely bad assuming it isn't extreme and that it doesn't cause the materials to deform more than permitted. The way I understand it: you apply a certain torque to a fastener in order to get to minimum levels of tension and friction (which still have an engineering reserve) on the fastener itself to guarantee a seal and to stop the fastener from coming loose, so under-tension is far worse than over-tension as long as the over-tension does not result in damage to fastener or the materials, and the allowed tolerances for over-tension are quite large (up to +150% or so normally before any permanent deformation would occur). Unless you are using 'stretch' bolts which tend to elongate to accommodate any over-tension to end up with something quite close to the intended value. This stretching tends to be non-elastic so you'd have to replace a stretch bolt every time you unfasten it or there is a pretty good chance that it will break and/or that the threads under the ending position of the nut will have deformed so that they end up being stripped if you refasten them because the nut will travel a bit further on every refastening.
- deleted 3y ago
  [deleted]
talldatethrow 3y ago
Ive been working on cars and motorcycles and everything else other than airplanes for almost 25 years now, from motor swaps to transmission rebuild and custom suspension. The only time I ever use is a torque wrench is on engine internals, or smaller fancy areas into aluminum. Everything else, over the years, you learn by feel. You pay attention to the size of the bolt, the material it's going into, and it's overall job. Yes you'll mess it up a few times a long the way. Hopefully you're a lot more careful when you see that the cost of making a mistake is a difficult extraction or alteration of some sort. Personally, I think you'll run into bolt/thread failure 10x more from improper insertion, dirty threads, corrosion, and overall entropy than you will from over torquing once you learn a few early lessons. I've done countless brake jobs, tire rotations, oil changes, spark plugs, valve cover gaskets, shock and bushing changes, without a torque wrench. I've yet to ever had a problem from it after going a little too hard when I was 16 yrs old and learning what bolts and materials can hold what.
- pests 3y ago
  The size of a bolt head is directly related to it's target/max torque due to the increased leverage from the larger rotation. This wasn't obvious to me at first but it's helped for rough guesses when I didn't know exact values.
- Dalewyn 3y ago
  At the Costco where I get my car's tires swapped out (summer/winter tire swap) or rotated, the technician always tightens all the wheel nuts with a torque wrench. Then another, different technician comes by and checks all the nuts again with his own torque wrench. When all is done and I get the sign off paperwork, they strongly encourage me to stop by next time I'm there so they can quickly check the wheel nuts again with a torque wrench. So please, don't "do it by feel". That's how you Boeing. I know I would never patronize your shop again if I saw you being so callous. A true craftsman double and triple checks his work objectively with other craftsmen, not be proud he can do it blindfolded with one arm behind his back.
  - talldatethrow 3y ago

jacquesm 3y ago

Lots of good stuff in this comment but I'm confused about the +/- 30% accuracy quote, in my experience it is relatively easy to reach sub 10% accuracy based on comparing different (good quality) torque wrenches against each other and against a calibrated one. Is there something I am missing here?

brettnak 3y ago
The desire of fastener tension is clamping force or fastener stretch in some cases, not fastener torque. I think what the parent is saying is that a perfectly torqued fastener is only about 30% accurate in terms of clamping force.
nkurz 3y ago
I presume his point is that you are measuring torque (potentially very accurately) but what you actually care about is tension. It's the variable factors affecting the relationship between torque and tension that results in most of the +/- 30% accuracy in tension, not the measurement of the torque.
johnwalkr 3y ago
It's easy to calibrate torque wrenches to +/-5% of each other for _torque_. Calibrating a torque value to _tension_ of a fastener depends not only on the accuracy of the tool, but on materials, lubrication, temperature, process, etc. +/- 30% actually depends on having a good process. This only accounts for variations in tolerance, surface finish, etc. If you add lubricant under the fastener head when you are not supposed to, you can easily reach +50 or +100% tension.
- jacquesm 3y ago
  Ah, I see your point now, I thought you meant it to be a direct cause of the torque wrenches themselves to be off. That makes good sense and aligns with my experience. After manufacturing tension tends to drop over time so starting off with a '+' may not be entirely bad assuming it isn't extreme and that it doesn't cause the materials to deform more than permitted. The way I understand it: you apply a certain torque to a fastener in order to get to minimum levels of tension and friction (which still have an engineering reserve) on the fastener itself to guarantee a seal and to stop the fastener from coming loose, so under-tension is far worse than over-tension as long as the over-tension does not result in damage to fastener or the materials, and the allowed tolerances for over-tension are quite large (up to +150% or so normally before any permanent deformation would occur). Unless you are using 'stretch' bolts which tend to elongate to accommodate any over-tension to end up with something quite close to the intended value. This stretching tends to be non-elastic so you'd have to replace a stretch bolt every time you unfasten it or there is a pretty good chance that it will break and/or that the threads under the ending position of the nut will have deformed so that they end up being stripped if you refasten them because the nut will travel a bit further on every refastening.
deleted 3y ago
[deleted]

talldatethrow 3y ago

Ive been working on cars and motorcycles and everything else other than airplanes for almost 25 years now, from motor swaps to transmission rebuild and custom suspension. The only time I ever use is a torque wrench is on engine internals, or smaller fancy areas into aluminum. Everything else, over the years, you learn by feel. You pay attention to the size of the bolt, the material it's going into, and it's overall job. Yes you'll mess it up a few times a long the way. Hopefully you're a lot more careful when you see that the cost of making a mistake is a difficult extraction or alteration of some sort. Personally, I think you'll run into bolt/thread failure 10x more from improper insertion, dirty threads, corrosion, and overall entropy than you will from over torquing once you learn a few early lessons. I've done countless brake jobs, tire rotations, oil changes, spark plugs, valve cover gaskets, shock and bushing changes, without a torque wrench. I've yet to ever had a problem from it after going a little too hard when I was 16 yrs old and learning what bolts and materials can hold what.

pests 3y ago
The size of a bolt head is directly related to it's target/max torque due to the increased leverage from the larger rotation. This wasn't obvious to me at first but it's helped for rough guesses when I didn't know exact values.
Dalewyn 3y ago
At the Costco where I get my car's tires swapped out (summer/winter tire swap) or rotated, the technician always tightens all the wheel nuts with a torque wrench. Then another, different technician comes by and checks all the nuts again with his own torque wrench. When all is done and I get the sign off paperwork, they strongly encourage me to stop by next time I'm there so they can quickly check the wheel nuts again with a torque wrench. So please, don't "do it by feel". That's how you Boeing. I know I would never patronize your shop again if I saw you being so callous. A true craftsman double and triple checks his work objectively with other craftsmen, not be proud he can do it blindfolded with one arm behind his back.
- talldatethrow 3y ago