Unfortunately I have to quibble a bit, although bravo for such a high effort post. > When you read through the lines, it becomes clear that the C++ replacement

Unfortunately I have to quibble a bit, although bravo for such a high effort post. > When you read through the lines, it becomes clear that the C++ replacement angle is more about Google than it is about Go. It seems that in 2009, Google was using C++ as the primary language for writing web servers I worked at Google from 2006-2014 and I wouldn't agree with this characterisation, nor actually with many of the things Rob Pike says in his talk. In 2009 most Google web servers (by unique codebase I mean, not replica count) were written in Java. A few of the oldest web servers were written in C++ like web search and Maps. C++ still dominated infrastructure servers like BigTable. However, most web frontends were written in Java, for example, the Gmail and Accounts frontends were written in Java but the spam filter was written in C++. Rob's talk is frankly somewhat weird to read as a result. He claims to have been solving Big Problems that only Google had, but AFAIK nobody in Google's senior management asked him to do Go despite a heavy investment in infrastructure. Java and C++ were working fine at the time and issues like build times were essentially solved by Blaze (a.k.a. Bazel) combined with a truly huge build cluster. Blaze is a command line written in ... drumroll ... Java (with a bit of C++ iirc). Rob also makes the very strange claim that Google wasn't using threads in its software stack, or that threads were outright banned. That doesn't match my memory at all. Google servers were all heavily multi-threaded and async at that time, and every server exposed a /threadz URL on its management port that would show you the stack traces of every thread (in both C++ and Java). I have clear memories of debugging race conditions in servers there, well before Go existed. > The common frameworks of the day (Spring, Java EE and ASP.net) introduced copious amounts of overhead, and the GC was optimized for high throughput, but it had very bad tail latency (GC pauses) and generally required large heap sizes to be efficient. Dependency management, build and deployment was also an afterthought. Google didn't use any of those frameworks. It also didn't use regular Java build systems or dependency management. At the time Go was developed Java had both the throughput-optimized parallel GC, and also the latency optimized CMS collector. Two years after Go was developed Java introduced the G1 GC which made the tradeoff more configurable. I was on-call for Java servers at Google at various points. I don't remember GC being a major issue even back then (and nowadays modern Java GC is far better than Go's). It was sometimes a minor issue requiring tuning to get the best performance out of the hardware. I do remember JITC being a problem because some server codebases were so large that they warmed up too slowly, and this would cause request timeouts when hitting new servers that had just started up, so some products needed convoluted workarounds like pre-warming before answering healthy to the load balancer. Overall, the story told by Rob Pike about Go's design criteria doesn't match my own recollection of what Google was actually doing. The main project Pike was known for at Google in that era was Sawzall, a Go-like language designed specifically for logs processing, which Google has phased out years ago (except in one last project where it's used for scripting purposes and where I heard the team has now taken over maintenance of the Sawzall runtime, that project was written by me, lol sorry guys). So maybe his primary experience of Google was actually writing languages for batch jobs rather than web servers and this explains his divergent views about what was common practice back then? I agree with your assessment of Go's success outside of Google.