> Instead, more modern CPU architectures have focused on implementing features that improve performance of the whole memory subsystem. The most important of th

> Instead, more modern CPU architectures have focused on implementing features that improve performance of the whole memory subsystem. The most important of those features is register renaming. (You mentioned it briefly; the article doesn't touch on it at all.) When your CPU actually has a few hundred hardware registers -- which many modern CPUs do! -- the fact that your ISA only has names for a dozen or so of those suddenly becomes much less important. > Some architectures (like arm) implemented load/store multiple instructions that more or less solved this problem The LDM/STM instructions were removed in A64 (64-bit ARM), actually! They were clever at the time, but they're difficult to work around in the pipeline.