It’s a biologically inspired approach, hence the name. Biological neurons don’t work based on sampling functions, they have inherent non-determinism distributed

It’s a biologically inspired approach, hence the name. Biological neurons don’t work based on sampling functions, they have inherent non-determinism distributed throughout the network, and receptors to enable runtime modulation of the network’s function. This dynamic modulation is seemingly at odds with mathematical soundness. Whether mathematical soundness should be a goal or not is a question to be answered empirically.