The R&D here is finding ways to lower manufacturing cost (mostly battery pack costs) to the point where European cars can be cost competitive with what’s starti

The R&D here is finding ways to lower manufacturing cost (mostly battery pack costs) to the point where European cars can be cost competitive with what’s starting to come out of China. This is both R&D and “day to day” manufacturing, because a lot of these cost improvements are only achieved by growing the scale of manufacturing. EVs are the future, particularly in Europe. Chinese companies (subsidized by the government) seem to be working through the scale and knowledge improvements needed to win that market. European makers are behind, and seem determined not to catch up.