> did they predate zones in Solaris? Yes. I wrote a history of this stuff in 2011: https://www.theregister.com/Print/2011/07/18/brief_history_of_virtualisati

> did they predate zones in Solaris? Yes. I wrote a history of this stuff in 2011: https://www.theregister.com/Print/2011/07/18/brief_history_of_virtualisation_part_3/ https://www.theregister.com/Print/2011/07/18/brief_history_o... FreeBSD jails first, then Solaris Zones, then Linux containers. Linux VServer came first but is not really a normal container implementation, although it has similarities. HP-UX 10.24 seems to be 1996: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/9000_hpux/HPUX_Versions.txt http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/9000_hpux/HPUX_Versions.txt I know next to nothing about it though. > That doesn't refute my statement that BSD pioneered containers with jails I'd say that was a fair call. > I had thought IBM did VMs rather than OS-level virtualization It does both. AIX calls its containers WPARs: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spectrum-lsf/10.1.0?topic=tips-os-partitioning-virtualization-oracle-solaris-aix https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spectrum-lsf/10.1.0?topic=tips-o... > (wasn't Gene Amdahl the one who came up with the rules for classically virtualizable architectures?) No, Popek and Goldberg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualization_requirements https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualizat... FWIW I wrote a history of that, too: https://www.theregister.com/Print/2011/07/14/brief_history_of_virtualisation_part_2/ https://www.theregister.com/Print/2011/07/14/brief_history_o...