You're right - I missed that VM OS in my illustration up there. Benchmarks are hard to come by but iirc, each VMM adds a 3-5% overhead. The gatekeeping for per

You're right - I missed that VM OS in my illustration up there. Benchmarks are hard to come by but iirc, each VMM adds a 3-5% overhead. The gatekeeping for permissions and sandboxing that is done at each level involves active compute cycles and that adds a little overhead. Something of the order of 10% may not be large but there's a difference.[1] Disk IO is another major factor btw, since virtual filesystems can be ... flaky. [1] https://www.vmware.com/pdf/hypervisor_performance.pdf https://www.vmware.com/pdf/hypervisor_performance.pdf